Gladwell and the 10,000 Hour Theory - 564 Words

Practice isn’t the thing to do once you are good. It is the thing that makes you good. In the novel â€Å"Outliers, in the chapter â€Å"The 10,000 Hour Rule†, Gladwell introduces a theory that signifies that 10,000 hours is the approximate amount of practice time it takes for someone to become a master at something, and therefore likely to become a successful being. Gladwell backs up the theory by discussing a study that was performed around the 1990s by K. Anders Ericsson. In the study, Ericsson and his colleagues examined the long-term practicing habits of musicians at an elite musical academy in Berlin. Gladwell exposes the practicing habits of a few well-known successors to prove his theory such as, Bill Joy, The Beatles, and Bill Gates. Psychologist Michael Howe even applied the rule to Mozart, greatly considered a child prodigy. Bill Joy is probably the least known of the three successes, but that does not mean that the co-founder of Sun Microsystems who programmed UNIX and Java isn’t considered a great success among the members of the high tech crowd. Gladwell shows interest in revealing Joy’s story because there is relation between the two in the unique opportunities they had that were necessary for their success. Joy attended one of the only universities in the country that had a time-sharing system for computers, the computer system had a bug in it that unlimited his programming time and that the computer center was open 24 hours. Because of these factors, none of whichShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis : The 10, 000 Hour Rule By Malcolm Gladwell921 Words   |  4 Pages Rhetorical Analysis Essay: â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule† How many hours of someone’s life are necessary to perfect a skill? 300? 5000? Perhaps try 10,000 hours. In this chapter from Outliers, â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule†, Malcolm Gladwell argues that talent isn’t innate, but takes 10,000 hours to perfect a skill based on opportunity, talent, and practice. Throughout the chapter â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule†, Malcolm Gladwell effectively relies on logos--evidence from well-known figures and charts that show age similarities--toRead MoreOutliers, By Malcolm Gladwell1431 Words   |  6 PagesOutliers, written by Malcolm Gladwell, examines the wonder of high achievement, and success frequently attributed to the hard work, determination, and specific talent in individuals. Gladwell succeeds at analyzing judgments and cultural epidemics, while putting his thesis into view, and explaining his proof through a series of short, exemplifying accounts. Stressing the fact that hard work is a crucial factor in becoming successf ul, Gladwell does not deduct the need for discrete skills. Factors suchRead MoreWhat Matters Most in Outliers by Malcom Gladwell Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pagesby Malcolm Gladwell is all about family background and family legacies. Others may say that what mattered most is the way someone are brought up and how much time and dedication they put into a skill or goal. People may also say that all of these factors are what the book focuses on in order to be successful. The book is not about family background, the â€Å"10,000 Hour-Rule†, or â€Å"Rice Paddies†. All of those encompass something very important, opportunity to actually apply those theories. The most importantRead MoreAnalysis Of Outliers By Malm Gladwell959 Words   |  4 PagesSUMMER READING ASSIGNMENT-OUTLIERS: PROMPT #1 â€Å"Outliers† by Malcom Gladwell is an inspirational analysis of success and aspects that encompass the meaning of outliers. Gladwell dives deep into stories and facts to explain success and failure in a serious but entertaining tone. In this novel Gladwell introduces and explains important points that strengthen his argument that success is the result of multiple factors in life. His main three points used to set the tone of his overall argument isRead MoreThe Key to Success in Life Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinite definition like love it has many different meanings and holds true to different things for different people. Although society has its claims on what success may look and feel like the path to becoming successful cannot be written down into theories and statics. Whether your meaning of success initials money, being happy, or another personal gain, one must work to obtain this. Personally I can argue that there is no actual specific key to success but ma ny keys to achieving it , it is said thatRead MoreAn Inspiring View on Motivation1007 Words   |  4 PagesSelf Determination Theory, by contrast, begins with a notion of universal needs. There are two types of behavior that an individual can have; a Type X behavior or a Type I behavior. Each behavior is fueled with an extrinsic and intrinsic desire. Additionally, Ten thousand is the magic number of greatness; it is how much time you put into doing something or putting extra hours that makes you good at it. According to Gladwell’s study, ten thousand hours of practice is required to achieve the levelRead MoreOutliers by Malcolm Gladwell 1451 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful and that we all have the same opportunities and chance of success, if enough work is applied. With this ideal, people can blame their failure on not working hard enough or having an adverse life. However, Malcolm Gladwell sees success in contrast to the common people. Gladwell believes that success is mai nly caused by having the right opportunity and circumstances rather than by working hard. David Karp, founder of the international social networking site Tumblr, is an individual who embodiesRead MoreThe Outlier: Isaac Newton Isaac Newton is an outlier; he was unusually successful, but not in900 Words   |  4 Pagesthe ground, why they aren’t just floating off into space, and why objects fall. Isaac Newton even developed the â€Å"Three Laws of Motion†, which 8th graders study in science. He grew up in a family with no background in science, yet through countless hours of practice and hard work, Isaac Newton was able to create wondrous advancements for the world of science with just basic education. How Isaac Newton grew up was very different from the average person. He was the son of a farmer, who died threeRead MoreAnalysis Of Malcolm Gladwell s The Story Of Success 1487 Words   |  6 Pages Debunking Caldwell’s theories There are too many times, people have misquoted Malcolm Gladwell’s 10,000- hour rule regarding his being an expert. 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Jesters Pies Free Essays

The report examines an in depth analysis of the Jesters Pies and its brand equity in the market. The report also looks at the brand associations of the product through which it is being recalled by the consumer. Interviews will be taken by consumers of Jesters Pies in order to get an understanding of the brand association. We will write a custom essay sample on Jesters Pies or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will show what consumers feel, think and do with the brand. The report will also look at the elements that make the brand up and make it was it is which includes the logo, URL , name and slogan. This is an important part of a company because if these elements aren’t used in a correct way then there is a higher chance the brand won’t be as successful. Having an effective name, logo and slogan can have a huge effect, just look at Nike and their ‘tick’ symbol. The third part of the report will focus on the Jesters marketing programme. This includes an analysis on the product, pricing, communication and distribution of the brand. This is more about how the company operates in actual business rather than what the consumers think about the brand of the company. Finally to wrap the Jesters report up recommendations will be made to the CEO of the company. These will be based on the consumer knowledge and marketing evaluation. These recommendations will be made so the company can use them in the future to help improve their business and overall brand. Company Profile Jesters are a franchising company in New Zealand who are specialist in making and selling pies. Their menu ranges from the traditional Beef Pie to the not so traditional Spud Delux. Their company motto sums them up pretty well; â€Å"serious about pies†. Jesters are New Zealand wholly owned and managed Pie Company. However the first original concept of it was started in Perth in 1997 when the idea of making the finest, healthiest pies in the market, was first created. Jesters pride their Jaffle Pie range to be of good quality, fresh, taste and health. Jesters are located in four cities nation wide which includes Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington and Dunedin. With the first being opened in 2002 at Lynn Mall shopping centre. The business is spreading fast with 34 stores being opened in Western Australia and many more planned. The reason for success Jesters feel is because of the niche $1 billion fast food industry, which they feel, is growing fast. Also because of the uniqueness of the brand and products for sale are new and interesting for the consumer. With over 15 varieties of pies Jesters feels there is something for everyone. The company also caters for your family or a party along with the sit in restaurant layout. The company promises to the customer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ you’ll never stop at one!† (Jesters, about Jesters, 2007) Analysis of Marketing Mix Product Jesters Pies is a unique company in the New Zealand market. Even though the product they are selling is just a pie, which can be brought from any bakery, it is the first to sell them in a fast food style restaurant. Jesters Pies offers 15 varieties of pies which appeal to a wide variety of customers. This is important because you want to cater to as many people as possible so you get more customers. Jesters also diverse their product from other pies by confidently saying that theirs are the healthiest and finest in the market. Another attribute of the pies is that the filling is low fat, lean meats and fresh vegetables, which you probably couldn’t say about your local bakery pie. The final attribute of the product is no artificial colourings, preservatives and MSG are used. This is a good look for the product as it has become so important for consumers in recent times to eat healthy, fresh food (Jesters Pies, 2007). Price Pricing is very important for a brand as it can create associations in the mind of the consumer. It can also be used to build brand equity. So a company needs to price its products correctly in order to get the most out of the consumer. Jesters’ pies are ranged from $3.50 to $4.10. With the $3.50 pies being the classic beef, mince and bacon and egg and the more expensive pies are the fancier ones with more ingredients such as the Popeye which contains spinach mushroom and feta. The pricing strategy they have I feel is good as the consumer gets what they are paying for. The pies are more expensive than the bakery, but are of much better quality and better ingredients are used. Distribution Channel Distribution can have a huge effect on the equity and success of a brand. Distribution is so important because it is the process of getting the product to the consumer. Jesters use a direct channel method to distribution where they sell their product straight to the consumer through their stores. This is probably the most effective way for a brand like Jesters .Jesters Pies stores can be found around New Zealand and in some parts of Australia. They are located in four cities in New Zealand. However all the stores in the Auckland area are found a long way out from central Auckland, with only one store being located in the CBD. However they do have stores located throughout the country so their distribution is pretty good. Promotion/Marketing Communication Promotion and marketing is very important for almost every brand in any industry. Without it you would not be able to get your product into the market and gain awareness from your potential consumers. Jesters have not done a huge amount of advertising that we could recall or find. From what we did find was mostly advertising for magazine and billboards. This could be one reason for the fact that their brand awareness amongst consumers is not very strong. Television is the strongest form of media and is the best for developing a brand image and creating awareness. However even without this the brand seems to be getting more popular which could be put down to things such as word of mouth. With a bit more promotion and marketing the brand could become very popular as it is a unique fast food outlet. Brand equity for Jester Pies Brand equity is an intangible asset that depends on associations made by the consumer. There are various perspectives from which to view brand equity. Brand equity just does not include the value of the brand, but it also includes the value of proprietary technologies, patents, trademarks and other intangibles like manufacturing know how (article 1). So in case of jesters pies, jesters jaffle pies are not oven baked like traditional pie, but they are cooked in a unique jaffle pie makers using ultra-thin light puff pastry and finest quality natural ingredients. Therefore the the difference in technical know how adds to the brand equity of the product. (article2.) Another way to measure the brand equity is the financial aspect of the brand. In this case one way to measure brand equity is to determine the price premium that the brand commands over a generic product. In case of jester’s pies, the pies are priced at $ 3.40 which is normally higher than most of the pies in the market place. As jesters pies have positioned itself as a quality product and people are also willing to pay more for a quality product, it commands high brand equity. Brand equity also represents the added value endowed to a particular product or a service as result of past investments in the marketing of the brand. (Article 1). In case of jesters pies it commands very good brand equity due to its advertising and promotion. Jesters pies has used three mediums of advertising that is print radio and TV. Brand equity also helps the brand to grow globally.( article 1) As jesters pies is a successful brand in Australia, it can use its good brand equity to expand further in new Zealand and other countries as well. Brand Associations These are the things that consumer relates or associate when they think about the brand. It can be how the brand makes them feel, what they think of the brand, what comes to their mind when they think of the brand or even what they do with the brand. The interviews were limited as we only interviewed four people, however the information we got back was good as all consumers had pretty similar answers. This shows that the consumers are all getting similar associations with the Jesters Pies brand. From the answers to the interviews we came up with the following brand associations. †¢ People are aware of the jesters pies because of its logo and the colours used in it. †¢ Most of the people when asked about jesters pies, they have a positive response like, ‘good quality for the price’. So they provide incredible value for money by giving fresh, quality natural ingredients. They also provide fresh vegetables, lean meats and guarantee every pie meets health standards. †¢ People are also attracted towards jesters pies are because of the variety of the pies and value meals the company provides. †¢ People associate jester’s pie as specialised pie outlet. †¢ Most people think jesters as a healthy meal which is free of artificial flavourings, colourings and MSG. †¢ People don’t associate jester’s pie with its other products like sausage rolls, wedges, or coffee. But they feel that some changes can be made by introducing chips to the menu. Recommendations This report has analysed the Jesters Company. It has looked not only the marketing programme side but also the side of the consumer. From what we have found from looking at these components the following recommendations can be made- †¢ Firstly from what was gathered in the interviews not a lot of the consumers had seen much Jesters advertising and if they had it wasn’t very effective. Jesters should start advertising through the most effective medium, TV, this will increase brand awareness. †¢ Another recommendation follows on from the previous one. Jesters need to develop more awareness amongst its target customers. From people we have spoken to a lot of them were unaware of Jesters pies and the brand itself. In order to be successful brand awareness needs to be built up amongst the potential customers. †¢ Another issue gathered from the interviews was that the people who consumed Jesters said they were limited because of the lack of restaurants in handy locations. Perhaps to get more out there in the market they could locate some stores in key areas like around universities and more locations in the CBD How to cite Jesters Pies, Essay examples

Environmental Management for Anthropogenic- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEnvironmental Management for Anthropogenic. Answer: Introduction The influence of Anthropogenic has rapidly changed the ecosystem of bay-delta over the past 150 years. Environment management plays an integral role in the protection of the environment as well as public health (Staley, Kean, Cannon, Schmidt, and Laber, 2013). The expectations of stakeholders and other business has increased from businesses and other public sector organization and they want them to be able to reveal that they are sensibly handling the impacts of environmental of their activities. Jervis Bay is the 102 square kilometer oceanic bay and village which is situated in the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. The resident of Jervis Bay is in fear their territory will be taken over by tourists and the native vegetation of them can be spoiled if the ACT is successful in managing responsibility for the area back to NSW. It is the report which will focus on the various environmental challenges of Jervis Bay Territory. Environment management challenges in Jervis Bay The region of Jervis Bay is situated in an overlap between the northern and southern climate zones. It has been analyzed that the range of habitats involve bay waters of varying depths, oceanic waters, ancient and recent dune system, coastal cliffs, forests, swamps, intertidal rock platforms, perched lakes and estuarine waters. Climate change and the delta ecosystem is the most horrible change which can destroy almost surroundings of it. Climate change impacts in the Jervis Bay The challenges of climate change are wider to confront the environment management and restoration of the Jervis Bay. The potential amendments in the climate and its variability are anticipated to profoundly affect the ecosystem and its physical and ecological structure along with the nature of water problems in Australia. The conditions of climate and variety of habitats are able to create an extremely rich and varied array of spices of wildlife both on the land and in the sea. It has been evaluated that there is a degree of uncertainty in the context of climate change which may influence the value of cultural, economic and natural of Jervis Bay. Hyder consulting is made a report on behalf of the Australian Government about the influence of climate change in the protected areas of Australia. As per the Hyder Consulting, the expectation of rising of CO2 levels to rise by 165 PPM until 2030 and 365 until 2070. This would be liable to increase the temperature of 1.3C respectively 4.0C, it would lead Jervis Bay to increase 35C by 3 days in 2030. There are impacts of climate change mentioned below in the context of Jervis Bay. Fire intensity and frequency Due to change o the climate change is increased the major risk of bush fires. It has been researched that the increased level of CO2 will be beneficial for photosynthesis. It is therefore anticipated that the increasing carbon levels will be beneficiary for undergrowth. It is fact that the rising temperature and enhanced evaporation will be able to reason of higher risk of fire in Jervis Bay. Wild fire would be able to be the reason of damaging to infrastructures and other facilities of the park which is related with the Jervis Bay. The impact of fire intensity and frequency over the Jervis bay is wider because there are major Booderee national park which involves vegetation communities that are particularly susceptible to enhance the chance of fire frequency involving swamp oak forests, dune system and rainforest. Due to fire intensity the rare species as well as other habitat will be vanished in a single fire (Lindenmayer, MacGregor, Dexter, Fortescue and Beaton, 2014). Sea level rise The increasing level of sea poses a high risk on the coast line of Jervis Bay. It has been consultant by hyder that the loss of costal habitats will be the reason of changing in foraging and diet habits. It would be liable to increase soil contamination which could lead to upper turbidity of sea water and can be the reason of adversely impact species of marine that is reliable eon the clarity of its habitat. There are so many effect of sea level rise and one of them is increased saltwater intrusion into freshwater parts. Due to increment of salt in the water force the habitat to move from here and habitats will shift or may be eradicates entirely (Porteous, 2013). The impact of it over the population of Jervis Bay is not good because the wider majority of the nations commercial and recreational fisheries are reliable on the marshes of coastal. Due to increment in sea levels in the Jervis Bay, the area which is built up behind these marshes will provide no chance for wetlands to migra te. The accumulated results will be millions of dollars in economy which may influence the livelihoods and sustainability of many communities of coastal. Storm intensity and frequency Strong winds and heavy rainfalls will provoke destructions alike to the ones reason by sea level rise. Rainfall is expected to become more variable for a long time of droughts. The severe storms also depictions cultural heritage to huge risk. Erosion and winds are capable to damage artefacts of culture. Climate change is being the huge reason for natural attributes of Jervis Bay. The fear of storm intensity and frequency has increased due to increment in the level of sea storm (Kirwan and Megonigal, 2013). Along with that there is the major role of soil erosion and sedimentation to be the cause of storm intensity and frequency. Higher temperature Temperature is considered as important indicator for fauna and flora to maintain the seasonable patterns. Higher temperature can affect the ecology of populations and the occurrence of suitable habitats for a range of species. Climate change bother the lifecycle of species in worldwide and being the reason of severe foraging issues when species that are lower in the chain of food are unable to find the food in right quantities at right time (Wolch, Byrne and Newell, 2014). The impact of higher temperature will have adverse impact over the populations as well as entire territory, the progress of the crops and eatable things could get adversely impacted. Changing Ocean Current Jervis Bay is impacted by the East Australian Current which moves southwards beside the Australian coast. It is anticipated that the change in climate will have influenced the ocean current. Some researchers have found that the East Australian Current will amend in a way that the growth of Grass Sea is facilitated (O'Riordan, 2014). It provides nutrients for marine life by cycling and that is why it is an important element for the food supply in the surrounding area of the Jervis Park. Coastal hazards The reason of coastal hazards is done by dynamic processes such as tides, waves, current and rock weathering along the coast. It would be disadvantageous for Jervis Bay because it involves beach storm erosion, costal induction and coastal recession. These hazards can be the cause of spoiling surrounding area of Jervis Bay. The major coastal hazards are in the context of Jervis Bay storm erosion, long term erosion and ocean flooding (Radosavljevic, Lantuit, Pollard, Overduin, Couture, Sachs, Helm, and Fritz, 2016). It has adverse impact over the population of the Jervis Bay because they have o be ready for sudden costal threats which may involve coastal storms, hurricanes, landslides and tsunamis that is why the population of that place have to be made a house of wooden and it should be heighted approximately 10 to 12 feet from the land. Environmental management system Environmental management system is relying on various process and procedures that are able to allow both the private as well as sectors of public to evaluate and decrease the influence other activities for improving the performance on constant manner. It has the management which focuses to motivate the organization of Jervis Bay to utilize EMSs to facilitate meet requirements of both voluntary as well as regulatory requirements in the zone of designing products and other sustainable practices. The rich marine life is able to attract large number of visitors in the area of it. It has been analyzed through operational plan for Jervis Bay Marine Park that the level of visitors has been enhanced with an increasing demand for ecotourism opportunities (Bruce, Albright, Sheehan and Blewitt, 2014). It should be the strategy of the environmental management system that discuss with Department of Defence in as per with the management arrangements so that in case of urgent requirement such as na tural disaster the defence team could protect many lives from bad situation. Implications and derived measures The amendments in climate are liable to bring the huge challenges for traditional protected areas and their management. Climate change will essentially lead to amends in the natural composition of Jervis Bay. The changes in climate are advantageous for some species and unfavorable for others. The nature of extinction cannot be avoided but other endangered animals of related park which is interlinked with Jervis bay could even advantageous from changed living conditions. It has been analyzed that in the past, biodiversity was usually seen not stable. The areas of protection were endorsed to preserve biodiversity in a certain region. The conservation goals are designed to promote ahead existence of natural composition (Cazenave, Dieng, Meyssignac, Von Schuckmann, Decharme, and Berthier, 2014). There were so many protected areas which were made with fixed goals such as the protection of specific species. Now the climate has changed in comparison of old days and obviously the biodiversit y structure will change in the future. It is important for the management of environment of Australia to determine whether they want to constant endeavoring to conserve the zone of population as it, knows the change is predictable or whether they keep focus on goals of conservation to meet future challenges. It is important for the Environmental management of Jervis Bay to understand the climate change implications in an adequate manner and execute the measurement of adaption to increase resilience. The fire management strategies should be implemented in continuous manner for the major landscape types in the Jervis Bay (Jones, Nyman and Sheridan 2014). The management should keep focus on the reduction of carbon footprint of the surrounding areas of Jervis Bay and its management (Thackway, 2014). The plan of this can be attained by minor measures such as switch to more efficient vehicles and use of renewable energy by solar PV system in the area of Jervis Bay. It has been analyzed fr om the operational plan of Jervis Bay that the plan has become ready to meet the objectives of conserving marine biodiversity, handling the process of ecological, providing chance to sustainable use of ecological and support to the public of Jervis bay. In combination with NSW Fisheries and National parks, evaluate the permit applications of research. The expert advice should be considered at prior basis in the concern of environmental issues. It is vital to develop hazard-resilient communities to make for the costal threats and the ability of the community should be enhanced to absorb influence and bounce back (Dasgupta, Hossain, Huq and Wheeler, 2014). It would be grateful to save the lives of many due to disasters and secure the economic stability of these communities. Conclusion It has been concluded that there is no protection guard to stop the natural disasters but by applying some strategies in daily life consumption can protect us from sooner natural disaster. The main topic has been discussed in the context of environmental challenges of Jervis Bay. It has been found that there are so many elements are liable to enhance the risk of living over there such as fire intensity and frequency, sea level rise, coastal hazards, higher temperature, change ocean current and storm intensity and frequency. The impact of them on the Jervis Bay and its surroundings has been mentioned in this report. It is vital for the environmental management system to keep focus on the protection guard from those environmental challenges. References Bruce, E., Albright, L., Sheehan, S. and Blewitt, M., 2014. Distribution patterns of migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Jervis Bay, Australia: A spatial analysis using geographical citizen science data.Applied Geography,54, pp.83-95. Cazenave, A., Dieng, H.B., Meyssignac, B., Von Schuckmann, K., Decharme, B. and Berthier, E., 2014. The rate of sea-level rise.Nature Climate Change,4(5), pp.358-361. Dasgupta, S., Hossain, M., Huq, M. and Wheeler, D., 2014. Facing the hungry tide: climate change, livelihood threats, and household responses in coastal Bangladesh. Jones, O.D., Nyman, P. and Sheridan, G.J., 2014. Modelling the effects of fire and rainfall regimes on extreme erosion events in forested landscapes.Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment,28(8), pp.2015-2025. Kirwan, M.L. and Megonigal, J.P., 2013. Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rise.Nature,504(7478), pp.53-60. Lindenmayer, D., MacGregor, C., Dexter, N., Fortescue, M. and Beaton, E., 2014.Booderee National Park: The Jewel of Jervis Bay. CSIRO PUBLISHING. O'Riordan, T. ed., 2014.Environmental science for environmental management. Routledge. Porteous, A., 2013.Dictionary of environmental science and technology. John Wiley Sons. Radosavljevic, B., Lantuit, H., Pollard, W., Overduin, P., Couture, N.J., Sachs, T., Helm, V. and Fritz, M., 2016, June. Threats to Coastal Infrastructure from Erosion and Flooding: A Case Study from Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada. Staley, D.M., Kean, J.W., Cannon, S.H., Schmidt, K.M. and Laber, J.L., 2013. Objective definition of rainfall intensityduration thresholds for the initiation of post-fire debris flows in southern California.Landslides,10(5), pp.547-562. Thackway, R., 2014. Assessing Conservation Outcomes: Integrated Regional Planning in the Jervis Bay Region, Australia1. Wolch, J.R., Byrne, J. and Newell, J.P., 2014. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities just green enough.Landscape and Urban Planning,125, pp.234-244.

MBA Online Program at Cleveland State University Essay Example

MBA Online Program at Cleveland State University Essay Cleveland State University has a long history of MBA programs. It was founded in 1964 and offers various undergraduate and graduate programs. The online MBA program goes under its Monte Ahuja College of Business where students can find many areas for getting a final degree. This business has been accredited by AACSB which represents the best accreditation an online MBA course can have. The accounting program of this school has also received AACSB accreditation. The only thing you need to do is file up the application and get ready for getting advanced knowledge in your field. The Cleveland State University online MBA programs are preparing the students for life after they graduate. Their curriculum has been made to serve any student in order to become the best in his/her area. They tend to cover many areas of interest for the students to find their perfect place. The students will be able to find many eye-catching and advanced courses such as Labor Relations, Human Resources Management, Marketing Management, Financial Management and Managerial Accounting. If you are interested in any fields in particular, be sure that you will get the best education. The students won’t feel any difficulty getting these programs. The staff is online 24/7 enabling you to get through any technical issue that might come up. They have very simple programs that will get you through online learning and provide you with easy assistance. The Cleveland State University wants to assure you that every question you might have will be answered right away. All students will be required to take a standard admission test. There are couple of ways you can avoid being tested for admission, but most of the students will have to take it. The score for passing the test is 50% and above for getting qualified. We will write a custom essay sample on MBA Online Program at Cleveland State University specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on MBA Online Program at Cleveland State University specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on MBA Online Program at Cleveland State University specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The tuition for signing up for these online MBA programs here is the same like in the other universities. The difference here is that Cleveland State University offers financial aid for all students to get into their courses. All students have the right to apply for financial aid. So far, 70% of all students have used financial aid from the university. The tuition includes course materials and books, iPad 4G with Verizon contract for each student until the end of the program. Cleveland State University offers flexibility. You will be able to gain access to the required materials every time you need them. The only thing you need is an Internet connection. The professors are also able to interact with the students and provide them with additional materials for learning. Choosing Cleveland State University gives you the right to be among the best.

Politics Of Plato And Aristotle Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers

Politics Of Plato And Aristotle Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers Politics of Plato and Aristotle To compare the political theories of two great philosophers of politics is to first examine each theory in depth. Plato is regarded by many experts as the first writer of political philosophy, and Aristotle is recognized as the first political scientist. These two men were great thinkers. They each had ideas of how to improve existing societies during their individual lifetimes. It is necessary to look at several areas of each theory to seek the difference in each. The main focus of Plato is a perfect society. He creates a blueprint for a utopian society, in his book The Republic, out of his disdain for the tension of political life (Hacker, 24). This blueprint was a sketch of a society in which the problems he thought were present in his society would be eased (Hacker 24). Plato sought to cure the afflictions of both human society and human personality (Hacker 24). Essentially what Plato wants to achieve is a perfect society. Aristotle, unlike Plato, is not concerned with perfecting society. He just wants to improve on the existing one. Rather than produce a blueprint for the perfect society, Aristotle suggested, in his work, The Politics, that the society itself should reach for the best possible system that could be attained (Hacker 71). Aristotle relied on the deductive approach, while Aristotle is an example of an inductive approach (Hacker 71). Utopia is a solution in abstract, a solution that has no concrete problem (Hacker 76). There is no solid evidence that all societies are in need of such drastic reformation as Plato suggests (Hacker 76). Aristotle discovers that the best possible has already been obtained (Hacker 76). All that can be done is to try to improve on the existing one. Plato's utopia consists of three distinct, non-hereditary class systems (Hacker 32). The Guardians consist of non ruling Guardians and ruling Guardians. The non-rulers are a higher level of civil servants and the ruling is the society's policy makers (Hacker 32). Auxilaries are soldiers and minor civil servants (Hacker 32). Finally the Workers, are composed of farmers and artisans, most commonly unskilled laborers (Hacker 32). The Guardians are to be wise and good rulers. It is important that the rulers who emerge must be a class of craftsmen who are public-spirited in temperament and skilled in the arts of government areas (Hacker 33). The guardians are to be placed in a position in which they are absolute rulers. They are supposed to be the select few who know what is best for society (Hacker 33). Aristotle disagrees with the idea of one class holding discontinuing political power (Hacker 85). The failure to allow circulation between classes excludes those men who may be ambitious, and wise, but are not in the right class of society to hold any type of political power (Hacker 85). Aristotle looks upon this ruling class system as an ill-conceived political structure (Hacker 86). He quotes "It is a further objection that he deprives his Guardians even of happiness, maintaining that happiness of the whole state which should be the object of legislation," ultimately he is saying that Guardians sacrifice their happiness for power and control. Guardians who lead such a strict life will also think it necessary to impose the same strict lifestyle on the society it governs (Hacker 86). Aristotle puts a high value on moderation (Hacker 81). Many people favor moderation because it is part-liberal and part-conservative. There is so much of Plato's utopia that is undefined and it is carried to extremes that no human being could ever fulfill its requirements (Hacker 81). Aristotle believes that Plato is underestimating the qualitative change in human character and personality that would have to take place in order to achieve his utopia (Hacker 81). Plato chose to tell the reader of his Republic how men would act and what their attitudes would be in a perfect society (Hacker 81). Aristotle tries to use real men in the real world in an experimental fashion to foresee how and in which ways they can be improved (Hacker 81). Both Plato and Aristotle agree that justice exists in an objective sense: that is, it dictates a belief that the good life should be

Letting Go - Freewrite Store

Letting Go - Freewrite Store This is a guest post by Dorothy R. Santos.  Dorothy is a writer, editor, curator, and educator.  She served as the managing editor for Hyphen magazine. Her essay â€Å"Materiality to Machines: Manufacturing the Organic and Hypotheses for Future Imaginings,† will be published The Routledge Handbook of Biology for Art and Architecture in 2016. She teaches at the University of California, Santa Cruz in the Digital Art and New Media department. Every morning, I flick at my smartphone screen and read the news. I watch for some of my favorite writers in art, technology, and cultural criticism. I used to marvel at how quickly some of my favorite writers and journalists could produce content in such a prolific manner. But having done that made me spiral into some major neuroses about my writing as well as assuming the impostor syndrome. Sure, I make a fine editor because it's always easy to critique anyone else's writing but your own. It's also easy to say to yourself that you're never going to meet the same ranks as the writers you admire. So, when I asked myself, "what is a successful writer?" I went way back into my grammar school days. I remember being in English class when I was growing up and thinking how amazing it was to learn about subjects, predicates, nouns, and conjugating verbs. I think that was in large part due to the fact that I grew up in a household where multiple languages were spoken. To some degree, it helped and would stick with me for a long time. But it was also relatively confusing. How would I communicate in the long run? How would I use language? Over the years, I forgot how passionate I was about learning language until I had to serve as an editor in chief in college and in hindsight, it was probably because I was easy to work with and could be told what to do (and very impressionable). Overall, after all this time, I think what makes a writer successful is doing one thing - letting go. You might ask, what do you mean by letting go and this just sounds like so many other self help books and a little too easy? That's not real advice, you might be saying. But take it however you want. It's not about resignation, that's different. When you are resigned, you don't try, you don't fight, and you don't care. Letting go isn't about having an "IDGAF" attitude either. You must respect yourself as a writer to know what you are passionate about and commit. If you're the only one on earth that wants to write about the creation of the microprocessor or fascinated by the proliferation of #whatarethose meme, well, write about it. Write to yourself. Write for yourself. As writers, I understand the need for an audience, I mean, let's face it, readership is important as a writer. But your reader reads your work because they see that you care. Another question you might be asking yourself is, "Okay, let go of what exactly?" It's been challenging because I was born and raised in an immigrant family that did not exactly foster my passions in the arts and humanities. When my mother immigrated to San Francisco in 1978, she didn't exactly know what she was stepping into, but rallied her resources as best as she could and sent me to private school for as long as financially possible. Right away, she saw my love for the arts and language as a little girl. Yet she wanted me to grow up skilled in something practical that would yield me the life that she didn't have in the Philippines. That being said, your past and upbringing have a lot to do with the way you define success. What you do and how you make your mark have a lot to do with personal histories and experiences and, sometimes, letting go of what you have been told time and time again will result in precarious living, doesn't hold true when you let go and start living the life you want. It's challenging, it's tough, as a writer, but for all of the writers I know and deeply admire, I notice the one thing they did along the way that has led to what I perceive and acknowledge as success is to let go. Letting go of naysayers, unproductive criticism, feeling like an impostor, perfection, the need to be right, the fear of being wrong, rigid structures that prevent you from growth, toxic people/personalities, habits that prevent you from actually writing. I've said "I wish I just had more time" as well. But don't we all? You gotta let go of that too. So, what would you do with that extra time? Where is that extra time going? At the end of the day, being a successful writer actually doesn't mean writing for the biggest news outlets or even writing the best essay, article, or book. Being a successful writer means that you've written something you believe in and it can help illuminate something for someone. It doesn't have to be perfect and it doesn't have to be award winning. But it has to be something you feel the world needs and couldn't live without because if you don't write it, it doesn't exist and if it doesn't exist, it probably never will. At least not from your perspective, your vision, and your experiences. Don't worry about someone misunderstanding or not getting it, that's actually not a part of being successful. There will always be people that don't get something because they genuinely don't get it or because they intentionally don't want to understand. Remember that it's not your job to make people understand. It's your job to think, read, write, and initiate the thoughts of others into thinking deeply about the world around them. You may be the only person writing what you write. Or, you might say that that's been written before. Whatever the case, write gibberish, write crap, then look at what you write and start over. Writing is the place where you can command language and expand on it however you want. It's really up to you to do what you want with it. But taking responsibility for the things you write is another aspect of writing that you need to take into account. You can always change your mind. In the long run, it's also about a nice long conversation with culture itself an d how it's changed and where you want to see it go and how you're making your mark as well. So, what are you waiting for? Let go. Letting Go - Freewrite Store This is a guest post by Dorothy R. Santos.  Dorothy is a writer, editor, curator, and educator.  She served as the managing editor for Hyphen magazine. Her essay â€Å"Materiality to Machines: Manufacturing the Organic and Hypotheses for Future Imaginings,† will be published The Routledge Handbook of Biology for Art and Architecture in 2016. She teaches at the University of California, Santa Cruz in the Digital Art and New Media department. Every morning, I flick at my smartphone screen and read the news. I watch for some of my favorite writers in art, technology, and cultural criticism. I used to marvel at how quickly some of my favorite writers and journalists could produce content in such a prolific manner. But having done that made me spiral into some major neuroses about my writing as well as assuming the impostor syndrome. Sure, I make a fine editor because it's always easy to critique anyone else's writing but your own. It's also easy to say to yourself that you're never going to meet the same ranks as the writers you admire. So, when I asked myself, "what is a successful writer?" I went way back into my grammar school days. I remember being in English class when I was growing up and thinking how amazing it was to learn about subjects, predicates, nouns, and conjugating verbs. I think that was in large part due to the fact that I grew up in a household where multiple languages were spoken. To some degree, it helped and would stick with me for a long time. But it was also relatively confusing. How would I communicate in the long run? How would I use language? Over the years, I forgot how passionate I was about learning language until I had to serve as an editor in chief in college and in hindsight, it was probably because I was easy to work with and could be told what to do (and very impressionable). Overall, after all this time, I think what makes a writer successful is doing one thing - letting go. You might ask, what do you mean by letting go and this just sounds like so many other self help books and a little too easy? That's not real advice, you might be saying. But take it however you want. It's not about resignation, that's different. When you are resigned, you don't try, you don't fight, and you don't care. Letting go isn't about having an "IDGAF" attitude either. You must respect yourself as a writer to know what you are passionate about and commit. If you're the only one on earth that wants to write about the creation of the microprocessor or fascinated by the proliferation of #whatarethose meme, well, write about it. Write to yourself. Write for yourself. As writers, I understand the need for an audience, I mean, let's face it, readership is important as a writer. But your reader reads your work because they see that you care. Another question you might be asking yourself is, "Okay, let go of what exactly?" It's been challenging because I was born and raised in an immigrant family that did not exactly foster my passions in the arts and humanities. When my mother immigrated to San Francisco in 1978, she didn't exactly know what she was stepping into, but rallied her resources as best as she could and sent me to private school for as long as financially possible. Right away, she saw my love for the arts and language as a little girl. Yet she wanted me to grow up skilled in something practical that would yield me the life that she didn't have in the Philippines. That being said, your past and upbringing have a lot to do with the way you define success. What you do and how you make your mark have a lot to do with personal histories and experiences and, sometimes, letting go of what you have been told time and time again will result in precarious living, doesn't hold true when you let go and start living the life you want. It's challenging, it's tough, as a writer, but for all of the writers I know and deeply admire, I notice the one thing they did along the way that has led to what I perceive and acknowledge as success is to let go. Letting go of naysayers, unproductive criticism, feeling like an impostor, perfection, the need to be right, the fear of being wrong, rigid structures that prevent you from growth, toxic people/personalities, habits that prevent you from actually writing. I've said "I wish I just had more time" as well. But don't we all? You gotta let go of that too. So, what would you do with that extra time? Where is that extra time going? At the end of the day, being a successful writer actually doesn't mean writing for the biggest news outlets or even writing the best essay, article, or book. Being a successful writer means that you've written something you believe in and it can help illuminate something for someone. It doesn't have to be perfect and it doesn't have to be award winning. But it has to be something you feel the world needs and couldn't live without because if you don't write it, it doesn't exist and if it doesn't exist, it probably never will. At least not from your perspective, your vision, and your experiences. Don't worry about someone misunderstanding or not getting it, that's actually not a part of being successful. There will always be people that don't get something because they genuinely don't get it or because they intentionally don't want to understand. Remember that it's not your job to make people understand. It's your job to think, read, write, and initiate the thoughts of others into thinking deeply about the world around them. You may be the only person writing what you write. Or, you might say that that's been written before. Whatever the case, write gibberish, write crap, then look at what you write and start over. Writing is the place where you can command language and expand on it however you want. It's really up to you to do what you want with it. But taking responsibility for the things you write is another aspect of writing that you need to take into account. You can always change your mind. In the long run, it's also about a nice long conversation with culture itself an d how it's changed and where you want to see it go and how you're making your mark as well. So, what are you waiting for? Let go.

Staff Training Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Staff Training Strategy - Essay Example The essay "Staff Training Strategy" talks about the problems of making the employees work as a team by analyzing the strategy of pairing young people with old employees in order to make sure that they learn from each other as Generation Gap plays an important role in determining the relationship of the teams. Gen Yers are found to be attention seeking and more technology-oriented people, whereas older people tend to be technology avert who try to do things manually. A disagreement was caused by an older employee’s reluctance to use the new payroll system. However, in the end, the dispute was resolved, but what we can learn from the situation is that by pairing up older and young people, there are chances of disputes which are more dangerous than the one which occurred over the new technology. Hence, the company should look into its policy of pairing the different employees. The strategy that the company can use to solve this problem is by conducting personality interview. They can assess the personality types and preferences of its different employees and then can make teams of people who seem similarly, All though there will still be some disputes and disagreements, they would not be as grave as the one in the case. The company can also take an initiative of the teaching of teaching new technology to the older staff. This would bridge the gap between the older and younger population in the organization. By becoming more technology aware, the older people in the organization would also be more productive.

Comparison of Mary (from the long poem Half Hanged Mary) and Offred Essay

Comparison of Mary (from the long poem Half Hanged Mary) and Offred (from The Handmaid's Tale) - Essay Example Mary survives a hanging ranged over several hours In addition to that both Mary and Offred experience lack of empathy from the women. Mary expects her supposed friends to help her. She reflects upon the ways she had helped them in different ways, expecting them to help her out now; While Mary’s old friends do not empathize with her while she is hung because they want to be different from her, Serena, the Commander’s wife, assists the Commander in his heinous act of making love to Offred just for the sake of a baby. Both Mary and Offred find that women are only there to maximize their sufferings rather than reducing them. Serena’s distaste for Offred is evident from the way she asks Offred to leave after she has had sex with the Commander; she says, â€Å"You can get up now. Get up and get out† (Atwood 95). Mary and Offred differ in their experiences. While Mary’s punishment is a tale that ranges from 7:00 pm to 8:00 am, Offred suffers for many months. The nature of their punishments is totally different from each other. Mary is hanged whereas Offred is punished in terms of her forced separation from Luke and her daughter, forced sex with the Commander, and indecent proposals from the doctor, and a life of submissiveness and servitude to the Commander. Although both Mary and Offred are women of strong nerves, yet Mary expresses it overtly whereas Offred’s patience and stamina is evident from the multifarious traumatic experiences she narrates in the story and yet retains the courage to give her life a last chance by escaping in the wan. Mary expresses her determination in these words, Mary and Offred are both women and this is their crime. Mary and Offred find other women involved in men’s ways to traumatize them. Mary and Offred have strong nerves. The two women differ in their nature of sufferings, their experiences, and the duration of their

Pearl Harbor - Short Summary Essay Example for Free

Pearl Harbor Short Summary Essay Three-hundred and sixty Japanese planes broke through the clouds above Pearl Harbor at 07. 55. The planes attacked in rows of two or three, dropping torpedoes at 100 knots from 70 feet. The first wave of planes destroyed US hangers and the planes in the neat, anti-sabotage rows. Other attacks in the first wave were on Battleship Row, cruisers and other auxiliary ships. Most ships had numerous torpedo hits. To complete the destruction of the war ships, six submarines aided in the sinking and destroying of what was not already certain. When torpedoing planes left the vicinity, bombers carrying 1 600 pound bombs were sent to destroy any remaining ships. Overlapping the first wave of attack at 08. 40 was a second one. They concentrated on the not yet fully destroyed airfields. By 09. 45 any ship of the US Pacific! Naval Fleet that was not on the Ocean floor was drifting helplessly. It [the Arizona] sank like an earthquake had struck it, a survivor remarked, 1 200 of his crew mates died. US troops returned from church or brunch to defend as best they could. Fighting until they drowned or were crushed by exploding debris, sailors, fliers and anti-aircraft gunners fought heroically to save their doomed naval base. By reason of the attack occurring in what Americans thought was peace time, much of the ammunition was locked away, leaving the defending US troops with little defense. In the end, the US had eight battleships, three cruisers and a large number of smaller vessels sink or rendered out of use. The Japanese lost 0 30 planes and five submarines. Although the destruction was not total, Japanese foremost naval strategist, Yamamoto, found the result better than he had anticipated . Military records state that the attack sank or destroyed 6 ships. US casualties included 2 500 as well as over 1 000 wounded. The Japanese lost less than 30 aircraft and about 55 men. The bombing of Pearl Harbor can be seen as a turning point in the war. Essentially, the war had been of mainly European involvement, now it took a global turn. The bombing prompted a US declaration of war on the following day, as well as great American shock and outrage tempered by anger. The attack was dubbed a day of infamy by President Roosevelt, as no American could forgive or forget the actions of the Japanese nation. The Japanese could not have devised a better way to rally the American citizens into full support for Roosevelt and his governments plan of US involvement in the war. A previous promise between British Prime Minister, Winstin Churchill and President Roosevelt was honored when Britain declared war upon Japan two hours after the US declaration. The events surrounding the bombing of Pearl Harbor prove the US handled the situation very poorly. Many opposing tactics were noted and ignored. Warnings were thought of as routine. Even survivors, who were fully aware of the Japanese tendencies of war on China, the government war warnings and their countrys unprepared state, still describe the attack as a surprise. The Japanese military strategies were intelligent and well executed; although, the Japanese attack would not have been nearly as effective had the Americans not have been so blatantly ignorant. The US had no knowledge of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and it was their fault.

Pope Pius XIIs Neutrality Essay -- Catholic Church, Holocaust, Hitler

Is it possible for a Pope to be infallible? When one looks at events, such as the Holocaust, the answer of this question becomes twofold. Were Pope Pius XII’s actions an attempt to save the Catholic Church from persecutions or a lack of understanding of Hitler’s ethnic cleansing? Nearly six million Jews were slaughtered during the Holocaust. When the world became aware of the mass murders that were taking place in Europe, World War II became a moral obligation rather than a fight for power. The Allied powers invaded Germany to save Jews and force the Nazis out of power in Germany. Many Nazi resistance groups, including Catholic groups, aided in the hiding of Jews in Europe. Surprisingly, the Vatican did not assist these resistance groups. Pope Pius XII neglected to help Jewish Holocaust victims and cowardly ignored the moral issue in order to remain neutral, avoid conflict in the war, and evade the persecution of more Catholics. **NEED A WAY TO INTRODUCE THIS PARAGRAPH In 1930, Pope Pius XI appointed Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, later Pope Pius XII, as Secretary of State of the Holy See. Pacelli assisted Pius XI in writing encyclicals, dealing with diplomatic matters and handling international affairs (Sanchez 16). In fact, Pius XI selected Cardinal Pacelli to agree to the Reich Concordat of 1933 on his behalf. The Reich Concordat of 1933 was an agreement signed by Cardinal Pacelli and Herr Franz von Papen, the Vice-Chancellor of the German Reich. This agreement allowed the Pope to impose laws on the German clergy and ensure the freedom of German Catholic dioceses, schools, religious Orders, congregations and parishes (Concordat). The German Reich agreed to these terms so long as the papacy encouraged the demolition of t... ...iation against Catholics in the occupied countries. Pope Pius XII’s distrust and fear of the Jews also played role in his silence (Cornwell 296). He believed that adversity followed the Jews and as such, he wanted to distance himself from them. When war began Pope Pius XII did not believe all the reports he was hearing about Nazi Germany. Often times, he considered such reports war propaganda by the allies (Cornwell 296). The silence of the Pope was deafening. If Pope Pius XII had readily shared his knowledge regarding the deportations of Jews and death camps with the rest of the world immediately upon learning this information, it is extremely possible that many lives would have been saved. This silent reaction of the papacy began the controversy of the moral obligations of Pope Pius XII and the omissions of any reactions to the atrocities taking place.

Describe with Examples How Different Aspects of Development Affect One Another Essay

Question: Describe with examples how different aspects of development affect one another. Answer: When growing up children learn many things and at times these can overlap and become intertwined with each other. I have wrote a brief description of these different aspects of development and what they mean in general terms: Behaviours – The way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others. Communication – The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using body language. Emotional – The feelings and/or reactions of an individual’s circumstances, mood, or relationship with others. Intellectual – The faculty of reasoning and understanding. Language – The method of communication, i.e. written or spoken, which has been structured to be understood. Physical – Relates to the body and not the mind. Social – Relates to how one works in partnership with others and the need for companionship and communication. Example: When my daughter was a baby, she learned that the things she did prompted different reactions from her dad and I, such as smiling when she smiled, and coming to her when she cried. In this way she was beginning to learn that physical acts, are a method of communicating and a way of expressing emotion’s such as happiness and sadness. Through this she gained the intellect to understand that crying means she is sad and as she got older she came to understand that other people are sad when they cry too. The more contact she has had with people, the more her own social confidence has expanded and as such she will now go to family members and try to communicate and get positive reactions through her good behaviour such as clapping her hands when happy. She is now a year old and attempting to learn what words are and what they mean, as she has observed that this is how adults communicate through spoken language. I have used my daughter as an example to show how different aspects of development affect each other and can occur at almost the same time. If we hadn’t smiled back at her when she smiled, she may not have attached this physical movement as an expression of  her emotion’s, which would have impacted her ability to socialise with others and empathise with their emotion’s as well as communicate her own.In little ways such as that, each aspect of development can affect each other and as these main stages of development continue to affect children as they learn and grow, it ultimately affects the person the child will become. Children are influenced by those around them such as parents, friends and teachers who the children will emulate and learn from through observation and then put into practice in their own social encounters.

Tybcom Exam Time Table

(203) FIRST HALF 2012 ( Unique Exam Code 22300001) PROGRAMME OF THE THIRD YEAR B. COM. (THREE YEAR DEGREE COURSE) EXAMINATION Candidates for the above examination are requested to be in attendance at the place of examination, fifteen minutes before the time appointed for setting of the first paper and ten minutes before the time fixed for setting of each subsequent paper. THEY ARE FORBIDDEN TO TAKE ANY BOOK OR PAPER INTO THE EXAMINATION HALL. Seat numbers and places of examination will be announced on the college notice boards four days prior to the date of commencement of the examination. Smoking is strictly prohibited in the examination hall. The written examination will be conducted in the following order :- Days and Dates Wednesday, March 21, 2012 Time Paper 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Financial Accounting & Auditing : Paper-III – Financial (FOR FRESH Accounting. CANDIDATES Economics – Paper III APPEARED FIRST TIME FOR T. Y. B. COM. EXAM) Business Management : Paper III- Management & Organisation Development. Commerce: Paper III International Business Relations. IIIQuantitative Techniques : Paper III-Mathematical Methods. Banking & Finance : Paper III- Introduction to Banking in India. 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Financial Accounting & Auditing : Paper-III – Financial (REPEATERS & I. D. E. STUDENTS) Accounting. Economics – Paper III Business Management : Paper III- Management & Organisation Development. Commerce: Paper III- International Business Relations. Quantitative Techniques : Paper III-Mathematical Methods. Banking & Finance : Paper III- Introduction to Banking in India. Thursday, March 22, 2012 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Financial Accounting & Auditing : Paper IV-Audition (FOR FRESH and Cost Accounting. CANDIDATES APPEARED FIRST TIME Economics – Paper IV. FOR T. Y. B. COM. EXAM) Business Management : Paper IV – Financial Management. Commerce : Paper IV – Management of Service Industry. Quantitative Techniques : Paper IV – Statistical Methods. Banking & Finance : Paper IV – Introduction to Financial Services. 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Financial Accounting & Auditing : Paper IV-Audition (REPEATERS & I. D. E. and Cost Accounting. STUDENTS) Economics – Paper IV. Business Management : Paper IV – Financial Management. 2 Days and Dates Thursday, March 22, 2012 Time Paper 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Commerce : Paper IV – Management of Service (REPEATERS & I. D. E. STUDENTS) Industry. Saturday, March 24, 2012 Quantitative Techniques : Paper IV – Statistical Methods. Banking & Finance : Paper IV – Introduction to Financial Services. 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Financial Accounting & Auditing : Paper V(FOR FRESH Management Accounting etc. CANDIDATES Economics – Paper V APPEARED FIRST TIME FOR T. Y. B. COM. EXAM) Business Management: Paper V-Marketing Management. Commerce: Paper V-Commercial Administration. Quantitative Techniques: Paper V- Operations Research, Quality Control & Reliability. Banking & Finance: Paper V- Finance of Foreign Trade and Foreign Exchange. 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Financial Accounting & Auditing : Paper V- Monday, March 26, 2012 Management Accounting etc. Economics – Paper V Business Management: Paper V-Marketing g p g Management. Commerce: Paper V-Commercial Administration. Quantitative Techniques: Paper V- Operations Research, Quality Control & Reliability. Banking & Finance: Paper V- Finance of Foreign Trade and Foreign Exchange 11:00 a. to 01:00 p. m. Applied Component Group : Paper – VI/VII Direct and Indirect Taxes. 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Direct and Indirect Taxes. 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Direct and Indirect Taxes. 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Business Economics. : Paper III. 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Business Economics. : Paper III. (REPEATERS & I. D. E. STUDENTS) Tuesday, March 27, 2012 Wednesday, March 28, 2012 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m . Commerce : Paper III –Marketing and Human Resource Management. 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Commerce : Paper III – Management and Production Thursday, March 29, 2012 Planning. (OLD) Commerce : Paper III –Marketing and Human Resource Management (REV) 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Applied Component Group : Paper – VI/VII Export Marketing. Vocational Subjects : Paper VI – Tourism and Travel Management – Emerging Concepts for Effective Tourism Development and Information, Communication and Automation (V) Tax Procedures and Practice – Central Excise (V) Advertising Sale Promotion & Sales ManagementManagement of the Sales Force, Sales Promotion and Public Relations (V) Computer Application – Java Programming I & II Foreign Trade Procedures and Practice – Shipping and Insurance & Foreign Trade Documentation (V) 3 Days and Dates Thursday, March 29, 2012 Time Paper 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Principles & Practice of Insurance – Property and Liability Insurance (V) 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Applied Component Group : Paper – VI/VII Export Marketing (OLD) Export Marketing (REV) 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Export Marketing Vocational Subjects : Paper VI – Tourism and Travel Management – Emerging Concepts for Effective Tourism Development and Information, Communication and Automation (V) Tax Procedures and Practice – Central Excise (V) Advertising Sale Promotion & Sales ManagementManagement of the Sales Force, Sales Promotion and Public Relations (V) Computer Application – Java Programming I & II Foreign Trade Procedures and Practice – Shipping and Insurance & Foreign Trade Documentation (V) Principles & Practice of Insurance – Property and Liability Insurance (V) 11:00 a. to 01:00 p. m. Applied Component Group : Paper VI/VII Business Insurance. Computer Systems and Applications Literature in English 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Applied Component Group : Paper VI/VII Friday, March 30, 2012 Business Insurance (OLD) Business Insurance (REV) 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Business Insurance 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Computer Systems and Applications Saturd ay, March 31, 2012 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Literature in English 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Applied Component Group : Paper VI/VII- Labour Welfare & Practice Psychology of Human Behaviour at work Vocaitonal Subjects : Paper VII- Tourism and Travel Manangement – Entrepreneurship Development, Case Studies and Problems etc (VI) Tax Procedures and Practice – Enterpreneurship, Central Excise, Problem etc. (VI) Advertising Sales Promotion and Sales Management – Enterpreneurship Development, Case Studies etc (VI) Computer Application – E-Commerce/ Entrepreneurship Development Foreign Trade Procedures and PracticePractice Entrepreneurship, Case Studies etc. VI) Principles and Practice of Insurance – Entrepreneurship and Group Insurance and Retirement Benefit Scheme (VI) 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Applied Component Group : Paper VI/VII- Labour Welfare & Practice. 4 Days and Dates Saturday, March 31, 2012 Time Paper 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Labour Welfare & Practice Psychology of Human Behaviour at work Vocaitonal Subjects : Paper VII- Tourism and Travel Manangement – Entrepreneurs hip Development, Case Studies and Problems etc (VI) Tax Procedures and Practice – Enterpreneurship, Central Excise, Problem etc. VI) Advertising Sales Promotion and Sales Management – Enterpreneurship Development, Case Studies etc (VI) Computer Application – E-Commerce/ Entrepreneurship Development Foreign Trade Procedures and PracticeEntrepreneurship, Case Studies etc. (VI) Principles and Practice of Insurance – Entrepreneurship and Group Insurance and Retirement Benefit Scheme (VI) Monday, Monday April 02, 2012 02 11:00 a m to 01:00 p m A li d C a. m p. m. Applied Component G t Group : P Paper VI/VII Marketing Research. 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Marketing Research (OLD) Marketing Research (REV) 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Marketing Research Tuesday, April 03, 2012 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Applied Component Group : Paper VI/VII- Inventory Management and Cost Reduction Techniques Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations Investment Analysis Portfolio Management International Marketing Regional Planning Literature in Hindi. Literature in Gujarati Literature in French Literature in German Literature in Sindhi 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Applied Component Group : Paper VI/VII- Inventory Management and Cost Reduction Techniques 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. . Inventory Management and Cost Reduction Techniques 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations p 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Investment Analysis Portfolio Management 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Investment Analysis Portfolio Management 5 Days and Dates Tuesday, April 03, 2012 Time 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. International Marketing. 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. International Marketing. 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Regional Planning. 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Regional Planning Paper 11:00 a. to 02:00 p. m. Literature in Hindi (OLD) Wednesday, April 04, 2012 Literature in Hindi (REV) Literature in Gujarati Literature in French Literature in German Literature in Sindhi 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Banking Law & Practice Purchasing and Store Keeping Rural Marketing 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Banking Law & Practice 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Banking Law & Practice 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Purchasing and Store Keeping (OLD) 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Purchasing and Store Keeping (REV) 11:00 a m to 02:00 p m P a. m p. m. Purchasing and Store K h i d St Keeping i 11:00 a. to 01:30 p. m. Rural Marketing 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Rural Marketing Saturday, April 07, 2012 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Applied Component Group : Paper VI/VII- Enterpreneurship & M. S. S. I . Transport Management. 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Enterpreneurship & M. S. S. I (OLD) Enterpreneurship & M. S. S. I (REV) 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Entrepreneurship & M. S. S. I. 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Transport Management 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Transport Management Monday, April 09, 2012 11:00 a. m to 01:00 p. m. Merchant Banking Literature in Marathi Literature in Urdu. Elements of Operations Research 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Merchant Banking Literature in Marathi Literature in Urdu. 11:00 a. m to 01:30 p. m. Elements of Operations Research 11:00 a. m to 02:00 p. m. Elements of Operations Research IMPORTANT NOTICE: STUDENTS ENROLLED IN THE COLLEGES (OTHER THAN I. D. O. L) FOR T. Y. B. COM. PRIOR TO THE YEAR 2006-2007 AND STUDENTS ENROLLED THROUGH THE INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE AND OPEN LEARNING THE DURATION OF ALL THE APPLIED COMPONENT SUBJECTS WILL LEARNING. BE OF 3HRS. MUMBAI- 400 098. th 24 November, 2011 PROF. VILAS B. SHINDE CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS

Understanding Mayan Human Sacrifice

Understanding Mayan Human Sacrifice Why did the Maya perform human sacrifices? That the Mayan people practiced human sacrifice is not in doubt, but providing motives is part speculation. The word sacrifice is from the Latin and it is associated with the word sacred- human sacrifices, like many other rituals in the Maya and other civilizations, were part of a sacred ritual, an act of appeasing or paying homage to the gods. Grappling With the World Like all human societies, the Maya grappled with uncertainty in the world, erratic weather patterns which brought drought and storms, the anger and violence of enemies, the occurrence of disease, and the inevitability of death. Their pantheon of gods provided some perceived control over their world, but they needed to communicate with those gods and to perform deeds showing that they were worthy of good luck and good weather. The Maya performed human sacrifices during particular societal events. Human sacrifices were conducted at specific festivals in their annual calendar, at times of crisis, at dedications of buildings, at the ends or beginnings of warfare, at the accession to the throne of a new ruler, and at the time of that rulers death. Sacrifices at each of these events likely had different meanings to the people who conducted the sacrifices. Valuing Life The Maya valued life highly, and according to their religion, there was an afterlife so human sacrifice of people they cared for- such as children- was not perceived as murder but rather placing that individuals life into the hands of the deities. Even so, the highest cost to an individual was to lose their children thus child sacrifice was a truly holy act, conducted at times of crisis or times of new beginnings. At times of war and at rulers accessions, human sacrifices may have had a political meaning in that the ruler was indicating his ability to control others. Scholars have suggested that public sacrifice of captives was to display that ability and to reassure the people that he was doing everything he could to stay in communication with the gods. However, Inomata (2016) has suggested that the Maya may never have evaluated or discussed the legitimacy of a ruler: sacrifice was simply an expected part of the accession. Other Sacrifices Maya priests and rulers also made personal sacrifice, using obsidian knives, stingray spines, and knotted cords to draw blood from their own bodies as offerings to gods. If a ruler lost a battle, he himself was tortured and sacrificed. Luxury goods and other items were placed in sacred locations such as the Great Cenote at Chichen Itza and in rulers burials along with the human sacrifices. When people in modern societies try to come up with the purpose of human sacrifice in the past, we are prone to put our own concepts about how people think about themselves as individuals and members of society, how authority is established in our world, and how much control we believe our gods have over the world. It makes it difficult if not impossible to parse out what the reality might have been for the Maya, but no less fascinating for us to learn about ourselves in the process. Sources: Ardren T. 2011. Empowered Children in Classic Maya Sacrificial Rites. Childhood in the Past 4(1):133-145.Inomata T. 2016. Theories of Power and Legitimacy in Archaeological Contexts: The Emergent Regime of Power at the Formative Maya Community of Ceibal, Guatemala. Political Strategies in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. p 37-60.Pà ©rez de Heredia Puente EJ. 2008. Chen K’u: The Ceramic of the Sacred Cenote at Chichà ©n Itz. Tulane, Louisiana: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI).

Proposal #1 Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#1 - Research Proposal Example Natural oils- linseed, tung, and fish were used as binders until the 1960’s (Schuerman George and Bruzan Raymond 327). Currently, alkyd resins, vinyl and acrylic emulsions, epoxy resins and polyurethanes are the primary binders used in paints. Solvent chosen must be one in which the binder is soluble in and dries evenly. Most emulsion paints use water as the solvent while resin-based paints employ the use of mineral turpentine as the solvent. Pigments are finely divided, and insoluble powders dispersed in the paint that not only give paint its opacity and color, but also help to hold the paint together as well as protect the surface underneath from corrosion and weathering. Inorganic and organic substances are used as pigments with the inorganic ones being cheaper but with fewer clear colors. The tiny solid particles of pigments (≠¤ 1 µm in diameter) enables them to refract light (light has wavelengths between 0.4 µm and

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Law - Essay Example This paper shall critically evaluate the means by which a territory can become a state. This essay is being written in order to arrive at a thorough and extensive assessment of statehood, especially, in relation to territory. Discussion Much debate and conflict have been seen owing to the right of a state to claim statehood. To this very day, different territories are trying to claim statehood and independence from their mother states. These claimants have even waged violent conflicts with their mother states in their bid for independence and statehood. Their belief revolves around the fact that since they fulfil the elements of statehood, they deserve to be recognized as independent states. These beliefs are however often rebuked by their mother states who often claim that these territories are not independent states, and for as long as they have sovereignty over it, international bodies cannot recognize them as independent states. The means by which a territory can later become and be recognized as a state are basically focused on the four elements. After these elements are established, the processes of international laws have to be applied in order to secure recognition for the territory as a state. Based on Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention, a state, in order to be recognized as a person of international law, must possess the following elements: a permanent population; a defined territory; government; and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. Traditionally, many states were able to gain recognition via international bodies by fulfilling the above basic requirement, as well as the requirements of sovereignty and independence (UIO Faculty of Law, 2010). A territory can become a state by first having a sufficient number of people to make up a population. Different authors and scholars support this basic premise because it is a natural requirement for subsistence. There is no specific requirement as to the number of inhabitants only that, this population needs to be sufficient in the conduct of state functions (Shaw, 2003, p. 179). This population also needs to be permanently based on the territory. It is this qualification which disqualifies Antarctica for statehood. It does not have a permanent population. At different points of the year, explorers from different countries enter the continent, but they do not settle therein permanently and they eventually return to their own states (Fry, Goldstein, & Langhorne, 2002, p. 457). Conversely, even as Somalia’s population is not permanent, with its nomad residents drifting in and out of its territory, it still is considered a state because the people have the ultimate intention of going back (Fry, Goldstein, & Langhorne, 2002, p. 457). It is also important to note that there is also no requirement for the people to have common linguistic, ethnic, cultural, or historical characteristics. The size of the population does not also matter. Vatican City is a small stat e with a small population, but it is able to function and carry out its responsibilities and roles as a state (Fry, Goldstein, & Langhorne, 2002, p. 457). In order for a territory to be qualified for statehood, its population only needs to fulfil the minimum requirements of permanency and be of a sufficient number to carry out duties of statehood. This qualification for statehood is actually one of the easier elements to fulfil, and is often the least source of controversy for territories seeking statehood. Government

APN Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

APN Role - Essay Example Core APN Competencies The APN is a group of nurse practitioners that includes nurses holding a post graduation in nursing as per the advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) (Jansen & Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2010; APRN Joint Dialogue Group, 2008). The group ensures a vital role in the future of the health care industry. Contextually, it has been affirmed that there are certain core competencies that together form an efficient and effective APN nurse (Joel, 2013). They are illustrated in detail hereunder. Expert Coaching and Guidance An APN nurse should have the leadership skills to initiate guidance or mentorship in given point of time. This means the nurse should be able to put her vision into action while associating with a particular health care unit. He/she should also need to acquire the skills including proper education, expertise in clinical content and implementation of proper learning principles among others to incorporate the competency (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy & O'Grady, 2013; Bryant-Lukosius, DiCenso, Browne, & Pinelli, 2004). Consultation This is a vital competency to be acquired not only for APN but also for any other health care professional. ... Research Skills In accordance to these competencies, the APN should have the ability to research more and more with regard to derive a thorough understanding. In this regard, evidence-based programs of teachings and implementation of evidence-based literature for clinical practices would be vital aspects to be considered (Cooke, Gemmill & Grant, 2008). Clinical and professional leadership This competency of the APN requires the nurses to act as a change agent in certain cases and advocate for patients. Furthermore, he/she should require acting as a leader in certain circumstances, initiating any decisions of change (Cooke, Gemmill & Grant, 2008). Collaboration Working in collaboration with the members of the health is among the common competencies of an APN. Respecting the work and contribution of the colleagues is a prime requirement in accordance to this competency (Cooke, Gemmill & Grant, 2008) Ethical Decision-Making skills This is an integral part not only for APN but also for a ny other profession. APN’s should act as a moral agent by generating an ethical environment abiding certain principles and fidelity (Cooke, Gemmill & Grant, 2008). Summary of an APN Outcome Research Study The study of Cooke, Robin Gemmill and Marcia Grant (2008) naming â€Å"APN Core Competencies: A Framework for Developing and Testing an APN Discharge Intervention† depicts a vital aspects regarding APN significance. The APN concerning to the research study, conducted various self-care activities to examine the complications that arise in a discharge patient after transplantation. In this stand, it has been further discussed that, core competencies of APN like guidance, consultation, research skills, clinical leadership, collaboration as well as

Middle Range Nursing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Middle Range Nursing Theory - Essay Example Patients that have terminal illness may feel distress or pain in any or all of these domains and that the desire for comfort should be evaluated and attended to on all areas, instead of simply focusing on the long-standing practice of managing physical pain. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Kolcaba’s comfort theory, particularly its history, principles, and concepts, and application to specific nursing practice. A Brief Description of Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory At the advent of the twentieth century, the concept of ‘comfort’ was applied in a broad way, and it was greatly appreciated in nursing. Furthermore, the capability to give comfort demonstrated the personality and skill of nurses. During this period, nurses thought that giving comfort was their sole responsibility. Comfort was mainly essential because therapeutic medical procedures were still absent (Kolcaba, 2003). Improving the comfort of patients was viewed as a proactive nursing objective tha t also was encouraging, and, in almost all instances, should involve progress from an earlier condition. Comfort arose from environmental, emotional, physical, and psychological interventions, but directives for special comfort procedures were under the doctor’s discretion. ... The value of family comfort started to surface during this period and families were regarded valid beneficiaries of comfort therapies. Nurses encouraged self-care in patients if at all possible. Comfort became the top priority of nurses only when their patients have terminal illness. Moreover, where nursing contexts were less affected by technology, like long-term care and nursing homes, comfort was more essential as a purpose of nursing (Fawcett & DeSanto-Madeya, 2012). Smith and Liehr (2008) argued that such pattern had wide-ranging repercussions for nursing in the twenty-first century, because of an increasingly aging population. More and more elders desire comfort in the remaining days of their lives. Frances Kolcaba describes comfort in nursing as â€Å"the satisfaction (actively, passively, or co-operatively) of the basic human needs for ‘relief’-- a condition wherein a patient’s special needs were met--, ‘ease’-- a condition of total peace and serenity-- or ‘transcendence’-- a condition wherein an individual overcomes pain and difficulties-- arising from health care situations that are stressful† (McEwen & Wills, 2007, 256). Kolcaba’s comfort theory takes place within a context made up of ‘three states of being’ and ‘four contexts’ wherein comfort for the ill can exist in (McEwen & Wills, 2007, 256). The three interconnected states of being wherein a patient is supported are relief, ease, and transcendence. The environmental, social, psychospiritual, and physical are the four contexts wherein comfort for patients takes place. The psychospiritual domain is where life’s purpose and meaning reside (McEwen & Wills, 2007, 256). Comfort theory is rooted in the idea that all human beings respond in a

Features of Advocacy in Court

Features of Advocacy in Court Advocacy What is Advocacy? Advocacy is when a solicitor attends court to represent their client. In simple form, advocacy is the art of communication. A solicitor will attend court and do the very best for their client to ensure they achieve the best possible result. It involves public speaking, which can be quite intimidating when you first attend court. However, with practice and experience the task does become easier. You will find that the more appearances you make at Court, the easier it will become and the more you will improve and become more confident. Your oral communication skills will develop and so will your ability to put forward structured and coherent arguments Advocacy; the Legal Practice Course and Becoming a Trainee The Solicitors Regulation Authority, which regulates solicitors in England and Wales and governs and sets the standard for Legal Practice Course Providers, states that advocacy and litigation is compulsory part of the Legal Practice Course. Advocacy skills are therefore assessed in the context of civil and/or criminal litigation. The Solicitors Regulation Authority lays down the requirements for advocacy in the Legal Practice Course and they expect students to formulate coherent submissions based upon fact, general principles and legal authority in a structured, concise and persuasive manner. Preparation is crucial and the student needs to understand the importance of it. The Solicitors Regulation Authority states that for the purposes of advocacy students need to do the following:- Identify the client’s objectives Bear in mind client care and professional conduct issues in preparing and presenting the case Identify and analyse the factual material Identify the legal context in which the factual issues arise Apply the law to the facts Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the case from each party’s perspective. Present the case effectively. Outline the facts in simply narrative form Prepare the legal framework for the case Prepare the submission as a series of propositions based on the evidence. Identify, analyse and assess the communication skills and techniques used by other advocates. Demonstrate an understanding of the ethics, etiquette and conventions of advocacy. The above 12 points are skills that the student should acquire in order to be a competent and confident advocate. The Legal Practice Course will introduce the student to the general principles of advocacy. Advocacy is taught through role-play and simulation through the subjects of civil litigation and criminal litigation. For example, the student may have to conduct an application for an interim payment or summary judgment in the context of civil litigation and be able to represent either the claimant or defendant. In the context of criminal law, the student may, by way of illustration, have to act for either the defence or prosecution in an application for bail, a sentencing hearing etc. Following the Legal Practice Course and during the training contract the student will attend a Professional Skills Course. On the Professional Skills Course you will further develop your knowledge and skills of advocacy. During your training contract you should gain experience in preparing a case, conducting and presenting a case. Your advocacy skills will undoubtedly improve and develop in time. Solicitors’ Rights of Audience Under section 36 of the Access to Justice Act 2000 solicitors share with barristers a right of audience before every court. However, in relation to solicitors they are not able to appear as an advocate in higher courts unless they have satisfied the requirements of the Law Society’s qualification regime in relation to higher rights of audience. Solicitors can apply for higher courts qualifications and to do this they must pass written and practical examinations. Solicitors have automatic rights of audience in the Magistrates Court and County Court. In other courts such as the Crown Court and The High Court solicitors have limited rights of audience, although their rights of audience can be extended, as indicated above. Effective Advocacy Effective advocacy depends on two things; one is good preparation and the second is having persuasive oral communication skills. 1. Preparation By preparing thoroughly you will gain knowledge of both the facts in the case and also the relevant law. If you have thoroughly prepared then you will have the confidence to make an effective presentation. Be very familiar with the case by reading the file to ensure you are familiar with all of the facts. Ensure you have obtained all the evidence you require and explored all necessary avenues. Research the law to ensure you can back-up what you say and are confident that it is correct. For instance, if you need to make a bail application, you would need to be familiar with the Bail Act 1976 and be able to apply the facts of your case to the law. Preparation is therefore fundamental to successful advocacy. By going through all papers filed in the case and all of the evidence you will need to formulate your argument and decide what evidence to call and what evidence of the other side you need to attack or undermine. Careful planning will also allow you to establish which witnesses you need to call and the order in which they should be called to ensure that the witnesses are presented in an order that presents your theory of the case in the best possible way. Have a Theory You should have a theory of the case which is your version of the disputed facts. This will help you to formulate your argument and will help you decide what evidence you need to call. By having a theory it will help guide you through and will ensure you present your case effectively. Further, it will help you maintain a consistent and logical position throughout the case and will keep you focused. When formulating your theory for the case it is important that you do not do this too early in a case because if you do it too early you may discard alternative and stronger theories and ignore certain leads. Your theory should be close to the client’s account of events. It can also be useful if you consider what your opponent’s theory is likely to be as this will assist you in preparing for cross-examination. 2. What makes an Oral Presentation Persuasive? There are certain qualities a good advocate will possess which will make their oral presentation persuasive. The student will find they will develop these through experience. The student should bear in mind the following factors as they will enhance their oral presentation and ensure it is persuasive:- 1.  Eye contact By maintaining eye contact with your listener it will enhance your oral presentation. It will show you are confident and it will also allow you to assess the reaction your submission is having on your listener. For example, you will be able to see if the listener is becoming bored and, if they are, you will know you have to move on accordingly or change your stance. It will also allow you to see if you are losing their attention. In addition, by maintaining eye contact with the listener it will stop you from getting caught up in your notes and this will avoid your advocacy having a lack of authenticity. 2.  Voice Before talking take a deep breath as this will help you to relax and it will enhance the sound of your voice. Do not talk too loudly or too aggressively, or be too softly spoken. Ensure you talk loud enough to be heard and talk clearly. Your delivery needs to be interesting. It may be useful to record yourself and then replay it in order that you can assess your delivery and this will help you improve. 3.  Pace You will need to pace your submission correctly. It is important that you do not present what you say too slowly or too quickly. Do not read from a prepared script as you are more likely to read too quickly and as a result the listener will not be able to follow your argument. If you present your argument too slowly this can make your listener lose interest in what you are saying. In order to adopt the required pace again it is a useful idea to record yourself and replay it. 4.  Pause This can be a very effective device when you are doing your presentation. You should use it for effect. For instance, if you believe the listener is no longer listening to you, pause and this will regain their attention because they will wonder why you have stopped. In addition, if you have a particularly telling point to advance, make the point and then pause. This will enable the listener to consider the point and will create more of an impact. It will also enhance the impact of your overall presentation. 5.  Posture Stand up straight with your head slightly elevated. Do not slouch. By having the correct posture it will help you look more confident and having a good posture will enhance the quality of your voice and make you appear more relaxed. 6.  Distracting mannerisms You may have distracting mannerisms but be unaware of what they are. It is worth recording yourself making an oral submission in order that you can consider whether your body language detracts from the message you are putting across. Distracting mannerisms could be, for example, fiddling with something in your pocket, clicking your pen, touching your face or hair. You may be doing these things subconsciously. When playing the recording consider whether you do any of these when making a submission and consider do you look relaxed and confident. You need to ensure that you do not have any mannerisms which distract from the message you are trying to put across. 7.  Structure Ensure your presentation is structured and this will make it persuasive. When planning your presentation devise a structure. This will ensure you do not repeat anything. When preparing your submission ensure it has a beginning, middle and end. Keep your submission concise. Avoid reading out sections from statutes and case law. Instead, highlight the relevant part of the statute/case and hand them to the judge/bench to read and simply refer to them and summarise the key points of the case/statute. 8.  Brevity Always try to keep your submission to the point. The court’s time is very precious. Through careful preparation and by having a logical structure in place will assist you in keeping your submission concise. 9.  Persona As mentioned above, it is important that when you are appearing as an advocate that you look confident. Even though you will probably be very nervous, anxious and not very confident when first attending court, you must try to look confident. By dressing appropriately, in a smart suit, you will look the part and this will help with your confidence. Further, by looking the part the client will have confidence with you and you will convey the correct impression to the court. Remember that first impressions count. Be organised and this will help ensure your composure and professionalism come across. 10.  Language Bear in mind that words can be a very powerful tool with which to covey a message. Carefully choose your words and consider whether there is a more powerful adjective which will advance the point you are trying to make. When making your submission try to use language which involves the listener. For example: ‘Sir, if I could refer you to the prepared map of the road. This identifies where the collision occurred’. Professional Ethics Solicitors owe a duty to their clients to do the best for them. In addition, solicitors owe a duty to the court and the administration of justice. A solicitor owes a duty to the court to act with independence and in the interests of justice. A solicitor must never deceive, or knowingly/recklessly, mislead the court. For instance, if a client admitted to having misled the court in any material matter relating to the ongoing proceedings a solicitor must not act further in those proceedings unless the client agrees to disclose the truth to the court. A typical example of this would be where the client has misled the court by pleading not guilty when he admits he has misled the court because he has told you he is guilty. If the client admits his guilt to you, you cannot continue to act on the clients behalf because you would be deceiving/misleading the court. Etiquette You need to be familiar with the etiquette of the court you are appearing before, such as the correct way to address the court, your opponent and witnesses. The following details the ways you should address the bench, the other side and witnesses:- Addressing the Bench You should address members of the bench in the following ways: A Bench of lay magistrates should be addressed as Your worships’ or ’Sir/Madam and your colleagues. A circuit judge/recorder should be referred to as Your Honour A district judge of the High Court and County Court should be addressed as Sir or Madam A master of the Supreme Court or a taxing master should be addressed as Master Addressing the other side If the person representing the other party is a Barrister you should refer to them as my learned friend. If the other party is represented by a solicitor you should refer to them as My friend. If the other party is acting as a litigant in person you should refer to them as the claimant/defendant or Mr/Mrs/Miss .. Addressing witnesses You should address witnesses directly as Mr/Mrs/Miss .. etc. If the witness is a child they should be addressed by their forename. Presenting the Evidence To establish and enhance the credibility of your case, ensure your evidence is consistent with the established facts, common sense and within itself. If one of your witnesses gives inconsistent evidence this will cast doubt on the remainder of their evidence. By way of an example, a witness says that X was wearing an orange t-shirt at the scene. In his evidence X denies he was wearing an orange t-shirt because he does not have one. The prosecution then produce CCTV footage showing X wearing an orange t-shirt. This would cast doubt on X’s statement and it will also undermine the whole of his testimony. You therefore need to ensure that your evidence will be consistent to avoid it being undermined. When planning your submission you need to consider which witnesses to call and the order in which they are called. In doing this, remember that this order needs to develop your narrative as your witnesses are telling your story. When considering the order in which to call your witnesses remember that your story needs to be presented in a logically progressive way. This will make it easier for the listener to follow and understand your case. Do not be too stringent however in deciding the order in case any last minute problems arise. You need to be able to adapt your evidence accordingly. Once you have decided the order in which your witnesses will appear, you need to think about your questions. Examining Witnesses Examination-in-chief This is where you obtain evidence from your own witnesses. You need to ensure that your witnesses give clear evidence and that they do not talk too fast in order that notes can be taken. Ensure the witness faces the Judge when answering questions and is not looking at you. This will enhance the quality of their evidence. When asking your witnesses questions, you need to try to elicit from them only the evidence that is relevant. Always therefore bear in mind why you are asking your witness a particular question and what is you want to hear from them. Leading Questions During examination-in-chief the solicitor advocate is forbidden from asking their witnesses leading questions. A leading question is one which requires a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response. In its phrasing it suggests its own answer. By way of an example, was the man wearing a red and white jumper? By suggesting the answer to the witness you reduce the witness’ impact. Leading questions are forbidden in examination-in-chief because the solicitor is not allowed to lead their witness and in effect put words into their mouth. When you call your own witness you hope and expect that they will provide evidence that is favourable to your case and will ‘come up to proof’. As a general rule when you ask your witness questions you should phrase your questions using simple words and phrases to ensure the witness fully understands what you are asking them. When questioning your witnesses consider using points of reference to add variety to your questioning and to move the witness along from one episode to the next. For example, ‘can you tell us what happened after you saw the car swerve?’ Unfavourable and Hostile Witnesses You will, at any early stage in the proceedings, take statements from each of your witnesses. When a witness is giving their evidence through examination-in-chief you would expect them to give answers consistent with their previous statement. However, in some situations a witness does not give the answers expected of them. The witness can then be declared either unfavourable or hostile. Unfavourable Witnesses An unfavourable witness is one whose testimony does not advance the case of the party who called him, despite the witnesss best intentions. A witness will be unfavourable if they cannot recall some of the facts about their testimony. If you come across an unfavourable witness you can ask the court for leave for the witness to refresh his memory by reading his previous statement. It is very often the case that cases come to trial many months after the witness has provided a statement. Therefore, it is important that before your witness gives their evidence that they have the opportunity to read their previous statements to refresh their memory so that when they are being asked questions they are familiar with what they said in their original statement. They are then less likely to become an unfavourable witness and will hopefully enhance the strength of your case. If after reading their previous statement the witness still cannot recall the facts then you canno t assist your witness by putting leading questions or prompting them. You should instead try to get the witness out of the witness box as soon as possible. Hostile Witnesses A hostile witness is different from an unfavourable one. Whilst an unfavourable witness can be potentially damaging to your case, a more serious situation is having a hostile witness. A witness will be ‘hostile’ if the evidence they give is harmful to the side calling them and it conflicts with the expectations of that side. A hostile witness will have no desire to tell the truth and support the case of the party calling him. An example of a witness being hostile is a witness who has deliberately changed their evidence since they made their original statement. The party calling this witness can ask the Judge to grant leave to treat them as a hostile witness. Open and Closed Questions You can ask your witnesses a variety of open and closed questions. To obtain the information you require from a witness it will be necessary to use for example closed questions to establish the background and set the scene and to bring out details or emphasise a particular part of the story. Open questions will be necessary to allow the witness to freely tell their part of the story or to turn their attention to a subject and then ask the witness to talk about that subject. If you ask more closed questions, you will have greater control. However, what type of questions you ask will depend on the witness. Cross-Examination This is the process of questioning your opponent’s witnesses. The purpose of cross-examination is firstly to establish and advance you own and case and secondly to attack the other side’s case. Before you cross-examine a witness you need to consider whether the evidence they have provided in chief is harmful to your case. If you establish that their testimony has not been harmful then you need to conduct a constructive cross-examination showing that he/she is to be trusted. There is little point in trying to undermine a witness who has provided favourable testimony. On the other hand, if a witness’ testimony has been harmful to your case then in cross-examining them you will seek to either challenge their evidence as inconsistent, improbable or unrealistic, or you will challenge the witness as mistaken or untruthful. If you decide to undermine a witness you need to elicit from them the favourable evidence they provided first and then continue to discredit them. I t is important that when cross-examining witnesses that the questioning is constructive to obtain support for your story and destructive questioning to challenge a version of the story which is not accepted by you. The cross-examination of witnesses needs to be structured and this can be achieved through appropriate planning. Your cross-examination will be structured if you follow the following steps:- (i) Keep your cross-examination to four points which support your theory of the case. This will strengthen your argument (ii) Make your strongest points at the beginning and end of your cross-examination as these are the points likely to remain in the mind of the listener (iii) Anticipate what the answer will be before you ask the question. The purpose of cross-examination is to obtain favourable facts and minimise the impact of the evidence-in-chief. (iv) Do not write a script which you follow as this will not allow you to respond effectively to the witness and will weaken your argument. (v) If the witness says something you do not agree with do not argue with them as this undermines your own credibility and will ultimately impact upon your case. If you are pleasant and courteous to the witness, the witness should relax and cooperate with you. (vi) Do not ask the witness open questions as this gives them the opportunity to say what they like. You need to ensure that you ask closed questions or leading questions as this can help you keep control of the witness. (vii) If the witness during the examination-in-chief has said something which favours your case, then during the cross-examination you should make the witness repeat it for emphasis. (viii) You should put your version of the case to the witness and give them the chance to accept or deny it. As indicated above, one part of cross-examination is challenging the opponent’s case. This involves either discrediting the evidence or discrediting the witness. When cross-examining a witness you need to bear in mind that most of them are not lying. They are often trying to provide an account of the events as they saw them. You should therefore be careful if you decide to attack them as untruthful. It is best to focus upon the manner in which they saw the event. For example, from a distance, poor weather conditions, only got a quick glimpse of the event etc. You should then ask leading questions which suggest to them that they may have mistaken what they saw. In addition, you should look for any inconsistencies with what a witness has said during the trial and what they have said in a prior statement. If you notice any differences, you should ask the witness to repeat the fact which they gave in evidence-in-chief and the read out the part of the previous statement which is in consistent and ask the witness if they made that statement. This will show that what the witness has said is inconsistent and it is will assist you in challenging the opponent’s case. Differences between examination-in-chief and cross-examination With examination in chief the witness is allowed to tell their side of the story. In cross-examination you do not want the witness to tell the story. You indicate the point you wish to make and put it to the witness. Leading questions therefore are used in cross-examination. Leading questions provide for effective cross-examination because the facts are supplied by the advocate instead of the witness and the advocate has most of the control in order to get to the point they want to make. During cross-examination you do not want a witness to tell their story, you want them to verify the particular matters that you put to them. Examination of Experts One of the first questions to be asked to an expert witness in examination-in-chief will be to establish their credentials as an expert in the particular field. You need to consider what the expert says in his report and put questions to him. An expert’s testimony can sometimes be difficult to attack because an expert’s testimony primarily consists of opinions and conclusions. It does not consist of fact. If you do not agree with the testimony of the expert you will need to challenge it by asking the expert appropriate questions. If the export supports your case, you will need the expert, in his oral testimony, to answer questions which show how the experts support your case to enhance your overall argument. Re-examination Once a witness has given their evidence-in-chief and been cross-examined by the other side the solicitor may re-examine their witness. The purpose of re-examination is to give the witness an opportunity to explain any matters raised during cross-examination and is therefore limited to only those matters that were raised during cross-examination. It is not another opportunity to go through the evidence provided. An example of when re-examination might be necessary would be where the cross-examination has perhaps shown the witness’ testimony to be muddled and confused. Alternatively, you might want to use re-examination if during the cross-examination inconsistencies have appeared between a witness’ testimony and a prior statement. You can use re-examination to highlight flaws and/or inconsistencies in the other side’s case or alternatively to attempt to correct anything during cross-examination which potentially could be damaging to your case. Opening and Closing a Case If opening a case you should always introduce yourself and the other side to the Court. For example: Your Honour/Sir/Madam/Master I appear in this case for the Claimant and my friend Mr/Miss/Mrs.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ appears for the Defendant. Civil Matter In a civil trial the claimants solicitor will make the opening speech. The opening speech involves taking the judge through the statements of the case and providing an outline and guide to your case. It should provide a summary of the evidence that will be produced and should not go into any details in relation to the content of the testimony. The opening speech will detail the issues to be decided and you should provide a summary of the facts that you seek to establish. However, in the county court the defendants solicitor can make the opening speech and if they do they are not entitled to make a closing speech, without the leave of the court. You should hand the judge a bundle of documents and take him or her through the chronology of the matter to provide the judge with a picture of the events in the case. The opening speech should be lively and interesting to engage the court. You should use plain language and use eye contact to build rapport with the judge. You should refer to y our client by his or her name in order to personalise them, and refer to the other side, for example as the respondent/defendant etc. Following the opening speech the claimant will give their evidence. This is done by oral examination and the sequence of the questioning is examination-in-chief of the claimants side (to include witnesses), cross-examination by the defendants side, re-examination. The defendant will then give their evidence and can make an opening speech. The judge can, however, dispense with this, particularly in fast-track cases. The sequence of questioning for the defendants evidence (to include witnesses) is examination-in-chief by the defendants side, cross-examination by the claimants side and re-examination. The defendant may make a closing speech and the claimant will then make a closing speech. In a civil matter the claimants solicitor will always have the final word. The closing speech is your final attempt to address the court. It should integrate the evidence the court has heard with your theory of the case and present your underpinning argument. In your final speech you should rebut or explain the evidence that weakens your case and explain how the law applies. If in your opening speech you raised questions, then in your final speech you must answer them based upon the evidence that has been heard. The closing speech should be well structured, be easy to follow and sum up the major points. Criminal Matter In criminal matters the prosecution have the right to make an opening speech. If it is a simple case then very often the Prosecution will forgo an opening speech. If the Prosecution do decide to have an opening speech it should be kept brief. It should provide a non-contentious summary of the case. The Prosecution then proceed to present their case. After their evidence has been heard the defence have the opportunity to give an opening speech and the present their evidence. If the defence decide to make an opening speech it should start with a comment on the evidence given so far by the prosecution, then provide an outline of the evidence to come and conclude with a summary of the questions that they think need to be answered. The closing speech is the final attempt to address the court. It needs to integrate the evidence that has been heard with your theory of the case. Both the Prosecution and the Defence have the opportunity to give a final speech. The closing speech should be short, but long enough to cover the ground and make any final impact.