The Value of Life: Pro Life

The Value of Life Imagine 3,700 children murdered in one day; their bodies torn, bruised, or poisoned. Sadly, this Is no sick fantasy, but a procedure called abortion, defined as an operation to end a pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus from Its mother's womb (â€Å"Choose† sec 1). In the united States alone, approximately 1. 37 million abortions occur per year. Late term abortions, or post first-term abortions, are known to cause serious health problems such as mental issues and moral dilemmas because the fetus has taken the shape ofa baby and thus is a viable human being.Abortion has een debated for centuries because of its political and social ramifications, and the correctness or lack of correctness. Both sides have strong arguments, but either way, late-term abortion should be made illegal in the United States because of its health risks, viability, and prevalence in society (â€Å"Statistics† sec 1). Late- term abortions damage both the mother's mental and ph ysical health dramatically. Once a fetus has taken a babys shape, the most common form of abortion Is using the combination of drugs and medicines.Methotrexate Is a drug that Is designed to kill the fetus Inside he mother's womb; Misoprostol Is a llquld substance that Is also Involved with this abortion process. It Is used subsequent to Methotrexate and empties the uterus of the child. Medicines, like those mentioned above, are unsafe and unstable, putting the mother's health at risk. For example, Methotrexate is known to be harmful to both the fetus and its mother (â€Å"Statistics† sec. 3). The primary use of this drug is to poison the fetus. A problem that can occur in this medicine, typically used for chemotherapy, is it can be toxic.In the case that the drug is toxic, the use in abortion can result in eath of both mother and fetus. In addition to drug toxicity, there are also many mental issues that can arise in the mother (â€Å"Abortion† sec. 3). Many become dep ressed because of their decision to abort; others contemplate suicide. Additionally, anxiety has affected many women who have had abortions. In a study of the after effects of abortion, 40% to 60% of women questioned gave negative reactions. This survey was done eight weeks subsequent to the procedure (â€Å"Abortion† sec. 3). Out of that percentage, 55% of them felt guilty. 4% claim they experienced ervous disorders, sleeping disorders had occurred in 36% of the women, and not surprisingly, 31% admitted feelings of regret. had to be prescribed with psychotropic pills. The high percentages of metal issues show that abortions cause serious health risks to the mothers. Adding on to mental health problems, physical complications can arise after an abortion (â€Å"Abortion† sec. 1). There are a multitude of â€Å"minor side effects from abortion. Small infections are a result of abortions. Many women become sick by a fever. Others experience gastrointestinal problems. Ble eding Is a very common outcome of this procedure.In the same study, women reported chronic abdominal pain, and also excessive vomltlng. Not including minor conditions, there are over 100 major problems recorded that women have faced. A DlocKage 0T an artery or emoollsm can result Trom aoortlon. some experience aeatnly infections. Hemorrhaging, or excessive bleeding, occurs in many. Ripping, or perforation of the uterus, is an excruciatingly painful result of the practice. Women can also experience anesthesia complications. In addition, cervical injury injuries are common. An astounding 5% become sterile, or unable to get pregnant again.Ectopic pregnancies may occur after one obtains an abortion (â€Å"Abortion† sec. 1). In a study of the National Rights to life Committee, two hundred and fifty-five deaths to mother's having an abortion occur per year (McKeegan 123). Studies have shown that legal abortion is no safer than illegal, back-alley abortions. One 43year old woman ble d to death during an abortion; another woman's uterus perforated and she also passed. In addition, an eighteen year old girl had a blood infection that was fatal (Curie 52). All these major problems and more occur every year for women who abort.Although the viability of a fetus is debatable, many scientists and doctors concur that with todays modern technology, the week that a fetus becomes viable is becoming progressively earlier (Currie 26). All late-term abortions, or those occurring after twenty weeks of the pregnancy, are killing a viable fetus. Studies also show fetuses feel pain, as proven by the fact that they twisting in agony and display painful looks when aborted. Another way to show how the fetus is Just an unborn baby is the fact that its internal and external organs are the same. The fetus also performs many aby-like functions.Statistics from highly knowledgeable people have also back up the theory that a fetus is viable in post- first term state. The internal and exte rnal features show that the fetus is the same as a human, Just not as mature (â€Å"WPClinic†, sec 2). A viable fetus has the same external features of any newborn. With few exceptions, the human is made up of many different body parts such as a head, body, eyes, mouth, sex organs, hair, etc. A fetus, post-first term, has all of these typical parts and thus resembles a child. In addition to their exterior, fetuses also have the same nternal organs.They have a fully developed brain at 13-16 weeks-which is at the beginning of late 1st term. All organs are working at this point. In the latter weeks, its nervous system can even control functions (â€Å"WPClinic†, sec 2). These features prove that the fetus is Just like a newborn. Not only does the fetus resemble a newborn, it also acts like one. â€Å"The baby plays so to speak, now†¦ We know what he feels and have listened to what he hears† (McBride 34). This quote shows that a fetus is no different than a new born baby, for it performs the same functions; the fetus is Just perhaps ot as mature.Some normal procedures the fetus performs include swallowing, making breathing sounds, recognizing its mother's voice, blinking, grasping, kicking, and somersaulting. Physicians also say a fetus feels pain around twenty weeks (McBride 64). Today, physicians give women pamphlets to let them know their fetus will feel pain when it is aborted. Studies support this through the fact that the fetus twists in agony and shows painful looks when it is aborted (McKeegan 112). The facts prove that the fetus acts and plays like a newborn, so it should have the same rights s well.

A Team in a Slump

For someone who is not much of a sports fan as he claims himself to be, Richard Cohen is the most unlikely person to write about the parallelisms of a Knicks’ season and the Iraq War.For Cohen, a game and a war must   both be won.   He disagrees with Vince Lombardi with the latter’s famous quote that winning is not the only thing.   He is more in agreement with Henry Ford about learning more from failures than in successes.Cohen cited the New York Knicks as having the highest paid players in the league, including those who sit it out in crucial games.   The bench warmers have $53 million contracts.   He thinks the figure to be pretty expensive for a ball club finishing at the bottom notch of the Eastern Conference.Cohen likewise called to mind Gil Hodges of the Dodgers who performed below expectations in 1952 and was for an uncomfortable length of time on such a sudden decline, or on a slump.   Hodges was well-loved, extremely good and quite strong.   But as most people would say then, things happen.   Things were not always within one’s control.The Cohen essay is also about George W. Bush once the owner of the Texas Rangers.   Owning a ball club before, Cohen believes that Bush should have known that as in the case of the Knicks, money nor power, does not a winner make.  Ã‚     In Iraq, even with all its resources America is ineffective.   It is like the Knicks on a slump.Cohen wrote, â€Å"It’s not the bench that needs to be replaced.   It’s the front office.†Ã‚   The reason for the defeat is not because the players or the soldiers are not that good, it is more of the person owning the ball club or the commander in chief from whom the orders are coming being incapable of leading his team to victory.   What it takes to win, the man in charge should know.This may be a different way to look at the much-debated Iraq War, at a sports angle with   a sports analysis on the side.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rich ard Cohen, from his own admission is an occasional sports fan.For the most part of his essay, one would not easily find a connection between a team in a slump and a protracted war, between a former ball club owner and a president who calls the shots in Iraq.   For the average American who has a home team to root for he would understandably like to separate his sports from his politics.   As for Cohen, he should shoot from another angle.Works CitedCohen, Richard. â€Å"A Team in a Slump.† 20 April 2006.   Washington Post Writers Group. 15 May 2007

Financial management Finner ltd investment

In today ‘s competitory concern environment, the effectual direction of invention is an indispensable activity for a house to keep its fight and finally survive. Traditional methods of pull offing administrations are said to be uneffective in battling a disruptive universe, full of uncertainness. Technological promotions and an accelerated gait of alteration are major factors act uponing direction precedences and are disputing traditional concern theoretical accounts. This realization has brought about the development of corporate entrepreneurship and the importance managing and developing invention. The intent of this study is to critically measure to importance of making and developing chances, pull offing invention and corporate entrepreneurship in relation to acting as an entrepreneurial administration. The study will discourse the assorted constructs and will peculiarly concentrate on the activities of 3M in relation to the constructs. The study will get down by supplying a background of 3M in relation to its activities, coverage and values and will supply an overview of the subjects covered in the study. This will be followed by treatments on making and developing chances, pull offing invention and behaving as an entrepreneurial administration in relation to 3M and its operations. Based on the research conducted and decisions, it is evident that 3M values creativeness and invention to a high regard and has incorporated systems and programmes at all degrees of the administration to back up an ambiance of entrepreneurial behavior. 3M ‘s path record and strong repute of invention is grounds that these enterprises have proved successful for the administration. Despite their success, 3M has besides faced assorted challenges due to the altering nature of the markets which they operate within. It is recommended that 3M continue to revise their enterprises in order to accommodate to the altering nature of the environment. In making so, 3M will keep its fight against industry challengers and will go on to advance a healthy ambiance of invention, creativeness and entrepreneurship. Such administrations will make good to analyze the model instance of 3M as they provide a good illustration of success in entrepreneurial behavior.IntroductionThe Purpose of this study is to critically measure how 3M appears to move in relation to making and developing chances, pull offing invention and behaving as an entrepreneurial administration. The study will get down by supplying an overview of 3M ; foregrounding its key merchandises and services, its concern activities and operations and discoursing the nucleus value of the company. The range of the study will be taken from a planetary graduated table as 3M is an international administration and the clip frame will cover the early yearss of t he concern from its initial beginnings in 1902 to present twenty-four hours, peculiarly concentrating on recent development at 3M.3M3M is a scientific discipline based company who produce merchandises in a scope of market sectors from high manner safety to wellness attention to place and office merchandises to adhesives and abradants. The company has 75,000 employees globally with 3,500 within the UK and Ireland. The administration has more than 35 concern unites which are organised into six concern which include show and artworks, electro and communicating, industrial and transit, consumer and office, safety, security and protection services and wellness attention. 3M operates in more than 65 states with 35 research labs and 35 international companies with fabricating operations. The concern operations cover 28 States in America and the company presently has 6,700 research workers worldwide with 3,400 in the United States. 3M ‘s merchandises are based on 45 engineering platforms, some of which include light direction, nonwoven stuffs, abradants, micro-replication, nanotechnology, adhesives and surface alteration. The company values are based on honestness and unity and are centred on employee development through assorted endowment and leading enterprises and besides on fulfilling their clients with superior quality, value and advanced engineering solutions to guarantee a sustainable planetary growing and an attractive return to their investors.Report OverviewThe debut will be followed by subdivision 3 which will discourse the activities of 3M in relation to making and developing chances. Section 4 will foreground how 3M Acts of the Apostless in relation to pull offing invention. Section 5 will analyze the operations of 3M in relation to acting as an entrepreneurial administration. Finally, subdivision 6 will briefly summarize the decisions.Making and Developing OpportunitiesHarmonizing to Wickham ( 2006 ) , the designation, choice and development of the right chances are indispensable activities for houses in today ‘s dynamic concern environment. The ‘entrepreneur ‘ is said to be at the bosom of the procedure. An entrepreneur identifies concern chances to make and present value to stakeholders ( Companys and Mullen, 2007 ) . Despite this realization, the exact nature or beginnings of chances are ill-defined and has caused struggle amongst research workers within the survey country ( Ardichvili et al, 2003 ) . Companys and Mullen ( 2007 ) , classify chances as economic ( technological and market chances – stuff invention ) , cultural cognitive ( cultural inventions ) and socio-political ( societal webs and authorities constructions ) and discuss chance from a supply and demand position. Ardichvili et Al ( 2003 ) , argue that there is a deficiency of comprehensive research associating to the designation and development of chances and that such theory are unable to bridge research and pattern in specifying a sound solution as a agency of reacting market demands. Ardichvili et Al ( 2003 ) construct on bing theoretical and empirical surveies and suggest a model to help in the chance designation and development procedure. They besides province that chance acknowledgment is frequently a hard procedure and is one which is influenced by the undermentioned factors: Entrepreneurial watchfulness Prior Knowledge and information dissymmetry Social webs Personality traits ( optimism, self belief, and creativeness ) The types of chance Ardichvili et Al ( 2003 ) , province that in add-on to the identified factors, careful probe of and the sensitiveness to market demands every bit good as the ability to place optimum deployment of resources will assist in the development procedure. A restriction to their research is that it focuses on the development procedure in relation to an enterpriser. Despite this, their research provides an apprehension into the chance designation and development procedure and can besides be adapted to an organizational degree in order to work market chances. Below is a basic theoretical account of the advanced procedure which is a valuable tool for seeking, choosing, implementing and capturing chances:Figure 1: Basic Model of the Innovation Process3M recognises the importance of the chance designation and development procedure and that their clients play a crucial in the procedure. Harmonizing to ( Bassant & A ; Tidd, 2007 ) 3M strive to keep a close relationship with their clients and do non go forth the designation procedure to their selling squad. 3M believes that their best thoughts originate from their clients and they committee their research workers to pass a batch of clip with their terminal user clients to understand their demand. Problem work outing squads are besides sent out to client sites to cover with their alone jobs. This is an of import manner for 3M to keep relationships with their clients and besides a manner to develop their competences and generate solutions to possible jobs where 3M employees may happen the inspiration to introduce or develop new engineering solutions. 3M believes that long enduring trueness can be achieved from client committedness. Dr William E. Coyne ( Senior Vice President of Research and Development at 3M ) supports this position:â€Å" We want to turn. Indeed we must turn if we want to last – and to make that we need the trueness of our clients. To acquire that trueness we need to turn to their demands. The best mann er to turn to those demands is with advanced merchandises and engineerings. †Additionally, in 1982 3M developed planning Centres called Strategic Business Centres ( SBC ) as a means to organize the cognition and activities of their runing units in order to derive a competitory advantage in the assorted markets that they operate within. The intent of the SBCs is to recognize related engineerings, capablenesss, and systems and associating them with client demands. The purpose is to work together in the designation and development procedure of new merchandises and engineering solutions ( Tita & A ; Allio, 1984 ) . This is another illustration of 3M ‘s efforts to make and develop chances. Burns ( 2008 ) identifies six polar strategic push which demonstrates the evolving nature of 3M activities in making and developing chances: Get near to clients and understand their demands Seek out niche markets Having identified market chances, diversify into these related countries Pursue merchandise development and invention at every degree of the administration through research Get different parts of the administration to pass on, portion cognition and work together Encourage accomplishment through acknowledgment and wages strategies These strategic pushs evolved as 3M ‘s learning experiences evolved over the clip period of 1920 to present twenty-four hours. Emphasis was peculiarly placed on acquiring near to their clients and understanding their demand in order to recognize possible market chances. 3M employees were the tools for working these chances. Employees with proficient accomplishments and old cognition provide the needed inputs for merchandise rating and development. The following subdivision will discourse how 3M act in relation to pull offing invention. The subdivision will get down by supplying an overview of invention direction, foregrounding cardinal theories and associating them to the activity of 3M.Pull offing InventionTrott ( 2002 ) argues that invention is the engine for growing and that companies must be able to accommodate and germinate if they wish to last. Pull offing invention is said to be a cardinal undertaking for determination shapers in prolonging a house ‘s fight and leting for continued growing ( Kuczmarski, 1996 ) . Despite this realization, there is considerable disagreement amongst many administrations sing the demand to keep stableness and a modus operandi of activities to carry through day-to-day undertakings or the demand for creativeness and the development of new thoughts and merchandises to stay competitory ( Deakins & A ; Freel, 2009 ) . This poses one of the most cardinal jobs for direction today with tensen ess environing organizational efficiency additions against creativeness additions ( Trott, 2002 ) . The direction of invention is a complex procedure because it involves the effectual direction of a assortment of different activities across different maps ( Burns, 2008 ) . Reilly & A ; DiAngelo ( 1987 ) , province that effectual communicating ( formal and informal ) with the concern environment ( internal and external ) along with a support substructure and exceed down encouragement will help in the procedure of invention direction. Below is a basic theoretical account of organizational invention.Figure 2: Basic Model of InnovationTrott ( 2002 ) identifies organizational feature that facilitate the procedure of pull offing invention:FeaturesRequirementsGrowth OrientationCompanies that are advanced have the aim to turn the concern and actively program for long term net incomesWatchfulnessThis requires uninterrupted scanning of the environment ( internal and external ) by all members of an administration and non merely senior direction. Often formal or informal and this information s hould be shared with other mapsCommittedness to TechnologyA house must hold a long term attack to puting in engineering and a committedness to resources such as rational input from scientist and applied scientists in order to retain and pull quality employeesCredence of RisksA house must hold the willingness to see carefully hazardous chances. This besides includes doing hazard appraisals and taking deliberate hazardsCross-Functional CooperationThis requires the ability to construct relationships between assorted maps ( selling and R & A ; D ) and the ability to decide any transverse functional strugglesReceptivenessThe capableness of an administration to be cognizant of, place and take effectual advantage of externally developed engineeringSlackThis involves leting persons a certain grade of freedom or flexibleness to believe, experiment, discourse thoughts and be originativeAdaptabilityAn administration must be ready to accept alteration in the manner it manages its internal activ ities and must hold the ability to accommodate to the altering environmentDiverse Range of SkillsAn administration requires a combination of specializer accomplishments and cognition along with general accomplishments to ease cross-fertilization of the specializer cognition. Additional, intercrossed directors and persons with proficient and commercial cognition are required to help the transportation of cognitionTable 1: Organizational Features that Facilitate Innovation ManagementHarmonizing to Bassant & A ; Tidd ( 2007 ) , 3M has established a clear repute as a major pioneer and that their successes can be measured in footings of the figure family discovery merchandises they have introduced which include Scotch tape, Post-it Notes and Scotchgard rug protection. Kuczmarski ( 1996 ) , states that invention is a mentality and that it is best described as a permeant attitude that allows concerns to see beyond the present and make a future vision. Harmonizing to ( Bassant & A ; Tidd, 2007 ) , the advanced mentality became evident in the early 1920s when William McKnight became the company ‘s new leader. McKnight began his direction attack by engaging an discoverer by the name of Francis Okie who developed the construct of a waterproof sand paper which proved successful amongst 3M ‘s clients. This prompted a new market scheme for 3M of merchandise distinction and Francis Okie became the first full clip employee who focused on merchandise development. The success of such enterprises encouraged McKnight to set his religion in the abilities of his work force and prompted negotiations with his direction squad to play a polar function in making an ambiance where their work force felt inclined to bring forth extraordinary consequences. This ulterior became the cardinal subject of organizational direction at 3M and is apparent in the undermentioned quotation marks by William McKnight:â€Å" As our concern grows, it becomes progressively necessary to depute duty and to promote work forces and adult females to exert their enterprise. This requires considerable tolerance. Those work forces and adult females, to whom we delegate authorization and duty, if they are good people, are traveling to desire to make their occupations in their ain manner. †Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mistakes will be made. But if a individual is basically right, the errors he or she makes are non as serious in the long tally as the errors direction will do if it undertakes to st ate those in governments precisely how they must make their occupations. †Ã¢â‚¬Å" Management that is destructively critically when errors are made putting to deaths inaugural. It ‘s indispensable that we have many people with inaugural if we are to go on to turn †The corporate construction of 3M besides plays a cardinal function in the procedure of pull offing invention. 3M has a divisional construction which has developed organically from bottom up as a consequence of successful inventions nurtured in undertakings ( Burns, 2008 ) . The construction ab initio appears priestly because of the different degrees, groups and divisions ; nevertheless, determination devising is decentralised and there is a horizontal flow of information which allows for speedy determination devising and for coaction amongst the assorted groups. The function of directors at 3M is to back up and promote an ambiance of creativeness and invention whilst top direction service as the mechanism to reenforce the credence of failure and to legalize hazard pickings. 3M ‘s committedness to invention is apparent when sing their long-run investings in R & A ; D ( estimated at US $ 1 billion per twelvemonth which is 6 % of gross revenues ) and their gross revenues marks. Harmonizing to Bassant & A ; Tidd ( 2007 ) , 3M program on a annual footing to deduce 30 % of gross revenues from merchandises introduced within four old ages, with 10 % of gross revenues from merchandises introduced to market within one twelvemonth. The rules behind their ambitious marks is that invention is clip sensitive and that rushing up the merchandise development and selling clip will confound their competition and finally heighten their fight. To day of the month, 3M conveys a consistent image of invention via publications and when carry oning interviews with possible employees. The doctrine of ‘the manner we do things around here ‘ is said to be the key to 3M ‘s success because it creates the conditions in which inventions can be developed by anyone and from any way such as calculated inventions and lucky accidents. An illustration of a luck accident is that of the development of the Post-it Note by a researcher Art Fry who spotted the potency of a failed adhesive merchandise. The following subdivision will analyze how 3M behaves in relation to being an entrepreneurial administration. The subdivision will get down by researching the impression of an entrepreneurial administration, foregrounding cardinal theories and associating them to the activity of 3M.Entrepreneurial AdministrationWickham ( 2006 ) , province that alterations in engineering, market competition and client outlooks is altering traditional methods of pull offing an administration. Wickham ( 2006 ) argues that due to an accelerated rate of alteration there is an increased degree of uncertainness and turbulency within many industries which is coercing today ‘s concerns to rethink their corporate schemes in order to last. This statement is supported by Burns ( 2008 ) , who states that entrepreneurial direction has become a extremely valued accomplishment to be nurtured, developed and encouraged. Burns ( 2008 ) , continues to province that traditional direction patterns which focused on efficiency and effectivity instead than creativeness and invention are non plenty to stay competitory and in being antiphonal to market alterations. This realization has brought about the construct of corporate entrepreneurship and the quest of going an entrepreneurial administration. Despite this, there appears to be small consensus on the significance of the term ( Deakins & A ; Freel, 2009 ) . Below is a theoretical account of the entrepreneurial procedure as identified by Timmons & A ; Spinelli ( 2006 ) :Figure 3: The Entrepreneurial ProcedureHarmonizing to Burns ( 2008 ) , corporate entrepreneurship can be described as the behavior of an administration that encourages creativeness and invention at all degrees in the administration ( corporate, groups, divisions, concern units and functional or project squads ) with the aim of deriving a competitory advantage. Entrepreneurial direction is an emerging construct within the survey country which is described the ability to take and pull off and entrepreneurial administration in a manner which encourages invention, seeking for chances, inquiries conventional thoughts and patterns and continuously seeking ways to better and make a competitory advantage ( Burns, 2008 ) . Burns ( 2008 ) identifies the undermentioned factors as act uponing the entrepreneurial direction procedure: scheme, leading, organizational acquisition, civilization, selling, invention and creativeness, knowledge direction and entrepreneurship. This implies that the entrepreneurial direction procedure is complex and that it demands a multidimensional attack to pull offing. Below is a basic theoretical account which represents an entrepreneurial administration.Figure 4: Basic theoretical account of an Entrepreneurial AdministrationAdam Brand ( Manager of Business Information Services at 3M UK ) discusses the importance of cognition direction and invention at 3M in relation to acting as an entrepreneurial administration. Brand ( 1998 ) states that the aim of 3M is to go the most advanced company in the universe and that the effectual usage of cognition direction enterprises are the tools for gaining their aims. Brand ( 1998 ) continues by saying that long term committedness from top direction, enlisting of the right people and strong support and acknowledgment systems are required to guarantee conditions for invention and entrepreneurship are in topographic point. Below are the identified direction enterprises and support programmes within 3M which facilitate an ambiance for invention and entrepreneurship:ElementssActionsBenefitsEntire Company InvolvementTop direction see it as one of their major responsibilities to back up and promote persons, groups and divisions Encourages knowledge linkages and coactionTraditionLifetime employment and publicity from within are of import traditional 3M policies Low employee turnover, increased motive and occupation satisfactionContinuityManagement encourage employees to work and see other divisions, sections and states Physiques a personal connexion with other 3M employees and across different sections and cultural boundariesLoyalty Over TimeLifelong employment and publicity from within agencies employees trust 3M and will be loyal over clip Allows clip for originative thought to be nurtured and advanced discoveries to take topographic pointTolerance of Mistakes3M does non penalize errors but encourages risk taking Creates an environment where employees are non afraid to utilize their enterprise and encourages innovative believingNarrative StatingTop directors who joined the company at a immature age and who have absorbed the company ‘s traditions and narratives re-tell those narratives and their experiences This reinforces the traditions, values and attitudes which promotes an ambiance that encourages inventionFlat Administration3M ‘s level organizational construction allows determination devising to be made at all degrees This allows 3M to continuously develop, to accommodate and to seek for new beginnings of deriving a competitory advantageInvention Approachs3M has taken two chief attacks to invention: shaping needs that 3M could utilize its engineering ( knowledge by design ) and developing new engineerings that require merchandise applications to be found ( cognition by outgrowth ) Approach one allows proficient employees to specify clients unarticulated demands which frequently leads to new invention whilst attack two allows inventions to emerge over clipCross Divisional CooperationTop direction encourages cross divisional cooperation Breaks down barriers and allows for invention to distribute across 3M instead than being centred in specific bunchsCoping with ChaosTop direction brand allowances and are non speedy to judge, buttocks and audit undertakings This allows advanced persons to develop their thoughts over clip without tight restraintsTable 2: Top Management Long-Term CommitmentElementssActionsBenefitsOrganizational Structure3M have put in topographic point a figure of constructions and acknowledgment programmes To keep the balance and to avoid over accent on efficiency and controls at the cost of larningCarnivals, Technical Audits and Chapters3M employees are invited from around the company to analyze thoughts and to measure whether the different thoughts can be applied to the assorted markets in which 3M operates within This brings together people, accomplishments and cognition from diverse backgrounds which frequently consequences in the coevals of new thoughts and inventions15 % Rule3M ‘s 15 % regulation allows employees to pass 15 % of their clip working on advanced thoughts or undertakings of their ain choosing This encourages employees to work on side undertakings of personal involvement to them and has resulted in a figure of of import new concerns for 3MGrants3M employees can use for a Genesis or an Alpha grant to help in the development of a undertaking ( equipment or labor to make their bing work whilst they spend clip on their 15 % undertaking ) or developing thoughts ( non proficient procedures ) Provides support to help with the development of undertakings or an thought and gives employees flexibleness to concentrate on their single chases outside of work demandsRecognition ProgramsThere are a figure of publicity strategies ( double ladder procedure – publicity to frailty president ) and acknowledgment awards ( Golden Step Award and Circle of Technical Excellence ) This ensures that advanced persons are known and recognised across the company and besides to promote other to originate their ain activitiesTable 3: Programs for Supporting Innovation and EntrepreneurshipElementssActionsBenefitsRecruitment and Choice3M recruiters search for people who are originative, have a strong worth moral principle, are self motivated and resourceful, and are job convergent thinkers with wide involvements Attracts persons who are eager to larn, willing to research thoughts with others, have a multi-disciplinary attack and who are happy networkingCulture3M has a acquisition and experimental civilization which is supportive and allow persons to boom Creates an empowering and lovingness civilization which encourages enterprise which increases employee satisfaction and motive degreesTable 4: Recruiting and Keeping the Right Peoples3M ‘s record and reputes as an advanced company is grounds that these enterprises are effectual tools for pull offing an entrepreneurial administration. Brand ( 1998 ) , argues that simply implementing such systems are non plenty to vouch success for an administration but instead making a civilization or an entrepreneurial clime which supports invention and pulling the right people are necessary conditions for developing an entrepreneurial ambiance. 3M has a strong civilization of invention which has permeated the administration from top direction. This civilization has been in topographic point for many old ages at 3M and is considered more of a tradition and is a nucleus characteristic of the values and beliefs of 3M. The activities of 3M demonstrate their committedness to uninterrupted bettermen t and will guarantee they continue accomplishing their mission of being ‘the most advanced company in the universe ‘ . Harmonizing to Burns ( 2008 ) , today ‘s challenge for 3M is to keep its impulse and repute for invention. As a consequence of 3M ‘s growing, its activities have increased in complexness and besides due to the assortment of its different merchandise offerings, in different markets and at different phases of the merchandise life rhythm 3M has recognised the importance of following different managerial attacks to guarantee continued success. Burns ( 2008 ) , continues by saying that although 3M has had a batch of success from different enterprises, its high hazard attack to R & A ; D and invention is non appropriate to all sectors, some of their ambitious marks may non be accomplishable by all divisions and besides as a consequence of increased competition enterprises such as the 15 % regulation have been placed under intense force per unit area, to the point of being described as an attitude instead than a world. The following subdivision will summarize the decisions and cardinal thoughts discussed in the study.DecisionThe research conducted in the countries of invention and entrepreneurship has highlighted the importance of recognizing the evolving nature of today ‘s concern environment. It has provided an understanding into ways of making and developing chances, pull offing invention and behaving as an entrepreneurial administration. It is just to propose that 3M behaves in a mode which can be classified as an entrepreneurial administration. The systems, programmes and enterprises have been cardinal mechanisms in enabling 3M to make an ambiance of invention and entrepreneurship. This has proved successful for the concern and is apparent in the figure of family merchandises which have been introduced to the market. Despite 3M ‘s path record of success, they must besides recognize the evolving nature of their concern environment and go on to germinate to the altering demands of their markets. 3M must besides turn to their current challenges and program schemes to pull off them efficaciously. If non efficaciously managed, 3M ‘s employees can lose their motive and their advanced flicker. It is non plenty for 3M to trust on old cognition and experiences as mechanisms to excite entrepreneurial behavior. 3M must go on to germinate at the rate their concern environment is maturating in order to go on making and developing chances, pull offing invention and go on acting as an entrepreneurial administration. In making so, 3M will be able to go on populating up to its mission of being ‘the most advanced company in the universe ‘ . Administrations will make good to analyze the model instance of 3M as they provide a good illustration of success in entrepreneurial behavior.

Marketing (ethics) - URGENT- needed within 8 hours Essay

Marketing (ethics) - URGENT- needed within 8 hours - Essay Example In the fast changing environment of globalization and advancing technology, leadership initiatives in business decisions become extremely important part of organizational performance. Indeed, affirmative actions encourage creativity and innovative practices that give a unique perspective to participatory approach. It also facilitates adaptability to changing equations, which occur due to rapidly changing environment of emerging business processes and societal norms that is increasingly becoming pluralistic. In the rapid globalization, it is imperative that organizations look beyond the racial prejudices and include diversity in their core strategy so as to exploit their vast potential. The organizational performance of the last 15 years makes it imperative for the managerial leadership to formulate new policies and strategies that would create encouraging and credible business environment and promote confidence building among various stakeholders. The huge potential of Steve needs to be exploited for the benefit of AgFunds. Another very important point is that the positive relationships inculcate positive attitude and self confidence amongst the various stakeholders, including customers. The positive attitude would help promote strategies that would help overcome the problems and seek solutions that would encourage better understanding and emotional adjustment with the changes. Montgomery (2008) asserts that leadership initiatives become crucial because managerial leadership is ‘more about getting the idea right at the outset than living with strategy over time...strategy must be a dynamic tool for guiding the development of a company over time’. It is time to look beyond the color of skin and make merit the major factor for creating effective and result oriented marketing team. Hence, Steve becomes a natural choice. Indeed, the agricultural community of rural Arkansas needs to be buoyed with innovative ideas and products and services that would

Why is Smith's work on the division of labour still of interest after Assignment

Why is Smith's work on the division of labour still of interest after almost 250 years - Assignment Example The notion of division of labour is associated with the cooperative structure of supplying labour services to perform that task. Division of labour has been applied by producers of all goods and services and after the introduction of industrialisation this concept has been widely used by these producers (Brown and Rose, 2010, p.34). This research attempts to describe the notion of division of labour which was marked by Adam Smith and also describes the reasons of application of Smith’s idea of division of labour in the modern times. An effort is made to critically analyze the reasons behind importance of the concept of division of labour even after 250 years of its introduction in economic theories. Smith’s notion of Division of Labour: Adam Smith has argued that in the face of industrialisation and growing demand for various goods and services, it is most necessary for producers to apply the notion of division of labour into the production processes. The application of division of labour into production processes will not only increase the amount of output produced, but also will increase the quality of produced output. Adam Smith has opined in his book, The Wealth of Nations, that applying division of labour helps the producer by splitting up the entire production process in smaller divisions and by applying labour service to each division of the complete production process (Smith, 1776, pp.10-12). According to Adam Smith, using division of labour in the production process will also help labourers to efficiently perform a single tack and to achieve the level of expertise in the production of the part of the entire production process which is assigned to one labourer at a time. These developments in the process of production of the good help labourers to increase the volume of production and also help to augment the quality of production of that good. Adam Smith has also argued that the difference between a steel doorkeeper and a philosopher is a consequence of division of labour. A steel doorkeeper can apply the concept of division of labour by engaging others (mainly his family members) and increase the productivity, as well the quality of production of the service. A philosopher cannot divide his thinking process with the help of the notion of division of labour (Smith, 1776, pp.12-17). Adam Smith has opined that the introduction of division of labour in the production processes will help labourers to match their skills with the equipments available to them for producing different goods and services. He himself gave an example of pin production. In the production of a pin, one person produces the head and another person produces the body. Both these labourers are using the best (most efficient) available and different types of technology to produce either the head or the body of the pin. In this way the total volume of production can be increased along with the quality of production. However, Adam Smith also criticised t he application of

America's Richest Men and Their Impact in the Country Research Paper

America's Richest Men and Their Impact in the Country - Research Paper Example Rockefeller soared to be the richest man in U.S due to the growing importance of kerosene and gasoline (Chernow, 1998, pp. 10) In 1853, his relatives shifted to Strongsville where he took a ten week course on book keeping and in 1856, he got his initial job as an assistant bookkeeper at the Hewitt & Tuttle firm. He worked long hours in that firm as he was delighted and was skillful in accounting and calculating the transport costs which later helped him in his career (Chernow, 1998, pp. 46-47). He earned $50 at the end of the month and donated 6% of these proceeds to charity. This donation later rose to 10% when he joined the Baptist church (Chernow, 1998, pp. 50) With his partner, Maurice B. Clark, in 1859, Rockefeller went into manufacturing commission trade where they raised a capital of $4000. From this, Rockefeller went into business gradually where he made money with each year (Segal, 2001, pp. 25). Together with his partner, they ventured into oil business where they first bui lt their company first in 1863 in â€Å"The flats† then moved it to the Cleveland’s growing Industrial area. The commercial oil trade by this time was in its young growing stage. Whale Oil was the only oil that was available and was very expensive and an alternative needed to be sought, a cheaper and all- purpose lighting fuel was needed (Chernow, 1998, pp. 73-74) Rockefeller later bought the Oil Company, which had started out as a partnership, in an auction. The company had started out as a partnership between him and the Clark brothers. He positioned his business and himself well to take advantage of the post –civil war successfulness and the large expansion of the territory westward which was nurtured by the constructions of the railway lines and a oil-fueled economy. He then sought for financing and reinvested the profits he gained and adjusted quickly to the changing markets (Segall, 2001, pp. 32, 35) In the 1890’s he flourished into iron ore and ore transportation. This then forced a conflict between him and his competitor steel magnate Andrew Carnegie. Then he later went on a huge buying fling where he acquired leases for crude oil production in Indiana, Ohio and West Virginia (Segall, 2001, pp. 84) From his first salary, Rockefeller tithed 10%of his proceeds to the church and he increased his giving with increase in wealth. He gave to the benefit of learning and communal health causes, fundamental science and the arts too (Ordway, 2009, p 107). Together with his consultants he discovered the conditional funding, which necessitated the beneficiaries to establish the organization in the interest of many people and that thereafter the recipient may be relied on to achieve the people’s interests and their cooperation (Fosdick, 1989, pp. 88). He funded heavily a College in Atlanta for African-American women and also gave appreciable contributions to Denison University and other Baptist Colleges. This then shows that Rockef eller supported education in US. He even founded a General Education Board in 1903 to endorse learning in the country. This played an important role in improving the living conditions of society around him (Jones-Wilson, 1996, pp.184) Rockefeller then established the Rockefeller institute for Medical Research in New York City which would still make him one of the immense beneficiaries of

Klu Klux Klan Organization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Klu Klux Klan Organization - Research Paper Example Although the Klan’s numbers have dwindled, the terrorist outfit remains a threat and voice in the United States. The present research provides a background summary of the Ku Klux Klan, considers the organization’s methodology, its tactics and method of operation, and the potential threat it poses to the United States. The Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1866. Of course, one recognizes that at this time slavery had recently been outlawed and the United States was entering into a major transition stage regarding the rights of African Americans. After its 1866 founding, the Klan quickly spread throughout the United States and by 1870 – only four years – the organization had a substantial presence in every state in the union. While the Klan experienced a slight period of decline in the late 19th century, in the early 20th century concerted efforts occurred that contributed to its revival during this period. Particularly, D.W. Griffith’s film the â€Å"Birth of a Nation† motivated much new Klan membership. While Klan membership would gradually decline throughout the 20th century, it experienced a period of revival during the Civil Rights Movement, as Klan organizations mobilized in protest efforts. Since this period the Klan’s numbers have gradually declined (Bullard, 20 05). As the organization began in the wake of the Civil War and the emancipation of the slaves, one recognizes that white supremacy constitutes perhaps its primary epistemological assumption. Of course, one recognizes that the Klan’s most thematic message is its support of racism and white supremacy throughout the United States. While the Klan’s outward expression of racism is a major factor in its overarching methodology, the organization also is recognized as adopting Christian ideals and has historically been linked to Protestanism as a major religious element. In terms of structure, the Klan has evolved a significant amount throughout its extended

Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Family - Essay Example As an institution for socialization, a family provides the necessary knowledge to the growing individuals in the family to help them to understand their social and physical environments. Other roles of the family are to provide security to the individuals as well as to ensure that they provide the needs of each of its member to enhance their life (Brownfield, 2010). One of the conceptual frameworks for the family assessment is the Neuman’s systems model, which is used as a guide to assessment and intervention of a dysfunctional family and help in streamlining the conditions that are failing in a society and that need attention for proper functioning of the whole unit. This helps to implement a therapy that is focused on all the family members to ensure that the intervention program is successful in the society in curbing an issue that arises at the family level. This model incorporates all the members of the family in the implementation in order to ensure that it achieves the best results in the society to address an occurrence that can be perceived harmful the people (Parker & Smith, 2010). In the society, there are usually community-based services that are aimed at promoting the health of individuals in that particular society and ensure smooth running of the society. Some of these services serve the community by preventing disease and injuries, improving the health status of the society and also they enhance the quality of life of people (Gregitis et al, 2010). These services include such like coordinated school health program which facilitate health for different members of the school as well as the child and adolescent mental health program that help to address issues of children and youth mental health stability (Baggett et al 2010), In US, the Child and adolescent mental health is a popular community-based program that runs in the society and which has helped

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - Essay Example The notion of knowledge management views knowledge as tacit or something which is present in one’s mind. Human expression and practice compound to the making of knowledge. However, knowledge cannot be enhanced in an isolated state of mind; that is, for knowledge to flourish, information must be enhanced through interaction (Kalkan, 2008). Both explicit and implicit knowledge must be tapped by organizations in order to progress successfully in today’s globalised world. Knowledge management is, therefore, focused on the attainment of organizational goals and objectives by enhancing the productivity of organizational knowledge in all activities, tasks and programs pertaining to knowledge. The aim is to create and sustain competitive advantage for the firm in the global marketplace by helping organizations exploit untapped knowledge. Hence, knowledge management essentially involves learning through social experiences and interactions. Researchers have broken down knowledge management into four major constructs including the development, manifestation, diffusion and use of knowledge (Kalkan, 2008). It is rather simplistic to think of knowledge management as a linear process in today’s global village. ... Factors such as geographic dispersion, interaction across different time zones and cross-cultural differences result in increased challenges for the firm (Pawlowski & Bick, 2012). Thus, the global arena has opened a new window for viewing knowledge management which incorporates introductory level, implementation and process issues pertaining to knowledge management (Alavi & Leidner, 2005). Despite increased awareness of these issues, research indicates that most businesses fail to successfully implement global knowledge management (Pawlowski & Bick, 2012). Global knowledge management encompasses all knowledge related activities, tasks, policies and processes that are performed within or between organizations that are globally dispersed. Culture of both the organization and the nation/region plays a vital role here (Holden, 2001). The global environment, therefore, brings with it a host of challenges including those pertaining to humans, organization, management and technology. All hu man interaction and communication (including the dissemination of knowledge) is heavily influenced by culture (Holden, 2001). But perhaps, the greatest of these challenges is to define the very nature of knowledge management itself. Although there have been efforts to differentiate data and information from knowledge, a concrete working definition has not yet been developed in the context of global dynamics (Roberts, 2009). Despite increasing emphasis on knowledge-oriented markets, there has been criticism which calls into existence the very existence of such markets. The absence of a concrete definition questions whether or not these markets actually exist or whether they are â€Å"old wine in a new bottle† (Roberts, 2009). The term knowledge has become a metaphor rather than a term with

What could be the expected positive and negative effects of European Essay

What could be the expected positive and negative effects of European Monetary Union on a member country's economy - Essay Example The European Monetary Union (EMU) has been such framework. However, the challenges related to the particular plan have been many. In practice, persuading the member states to align their fiscal and economic policies has been proved a challenging task. The gradual implementation of EMU across member states has been considered as a strategy for controlling risks related to this initiative. The incorporation of ‘the principle of freedom of capital movement in the Treaty for the European Union’, in 1993, has been the starting point of EMU. At the next level, two important activities had to be performed for promoting EMU: ‘the introduction of the legislation related to EMU in all member states and the introduction of the common currency, the euro’. These activities that lasted from 1994 to 1998 have been incorporated in the second phase of EMU’s implementation. From January 1999 the third phase of this plan has started; this phase involves in the replaceme nt of national currencies of member states by euro. In practice, it has been proved that EMU can result to both positive and negative effects for member states. The particular issue is explored in this paper. Reference is made to UK and Spain, as examples, for showing the positive and negative effects of EMU both for countries within the euro zone and for those that are outside the euro zone. In this way also, the potential implications of the entry of a member state in Euro zone are made clear. 2. Which could be the expected positive and negative effects of European Monetary Union on a member country's economy? The participation of countries in a monetary union has been related to a series of benefits. For the member states that participate in EMU these benefits would be also available. According to Albertin (2008) one of the most important benefits of participating in a monetary union is ‘the significant increase of bilateral trade between the countries that have joined such union’ (Albertin 2008, p.3). It is not made clear though whether this benefit can continue in the long term or whether it is related only to the initial period of a country’s entrance in a moneta ry union. On the other hand, a monetary union can protect its members against strong market turbulences. Indeed, during strong financial crises the countries that are members of a monetary union can easier keep their economy stabilized at the level that their interest rates are not highly affected by the crisis, at least not so high as the rates of the countries that do not participate on monetary unions (Farina and Tamborini 2008, p.152). The recent financial crisis can be considered as an indicative example of the above case; the countries that are members of EMU have managed to protect their economy from extensive losses, mostly because they have been under the protection of EMU (Tausch and Heshmati 2012). The fact that not all members of EMU have managed to secure their economy against the global crisis is not related solely to their participation in EMU but it has been also related to their existing fiscal and social policies (Tausch and Heshmati 2012). In any case, the potenti als of a monetary union ‘to protect its members against asymmetric shocks’ (De Grauwe 2012, p.27) seem to be high. Another important benefit of monetary unions is

Importance of Slavery Essay Example for Free

Importance of Slavery Essay Economic, geographic, and social factors all contributed to the rise of importance for slaves in the southern colonies as their position in American society changed from 1607 and 1775. Slaves not only influenced Jamestown in 1607, but they influenced America, all the way into the American Revolution in 1775. Slavery ultimately flourished and aided economic triumph in the southern colonies. With the hopes of making it big in the new colonies, indentured servants came through the headright system, usually people who lacked funds of any sort hoping to make money. During this time, English practiced mercantilism and since they lacked the proper agriculture to grow tobacco. John Rolfe made it a cash crop in the new colonies and they were able to sell it quite easily to their mother country, England. This lasted until about the time of Bacon’s Rebellion where indentured servants were mad due to them thinking they would get land after their 20 years of work. But with this the south turned to slavery as a viable option. Now they could tell by just the color of their skin what class they were in. The triangular trade made this even better. They got more and made slaves work on their large plantations. Since slaves were not citizens they had no rights. The South flourished with their labor. They had huge profits. America did not just depend on tobacco they also had rice and indigo that helped the economy an immense amount. Social factors in the south also encouraged growth. The American slave code is based off the barbatos slave code. Aristocrats who were at the top of the pyramid in social class had many slaves. The blacks were at the bottom and they had no rights. The slave owners often had there slaves reproduce to make them more slaves. The more slaves you had the more money, and the higher nobility you had. Racism was a huge social factor of slavery. The whites thought they were superior to the blacks and they showed it. with the social presser to hate blacks slavery would not have been so successful economically. The geography of the southern colonies was not suited to standard farming as that of the northern colonies. The soil of the land was not suited to the growing of standard crops like wheat and corn. Also, the hot weather of the south did not allow for easy farming, and its wet and temperate sub-tropical climates was best suited for the growing of tobacco, rice, and indigo. Along with this, the extensive river system which divided the southern colonies into tiny interconnected pieces provided the best transportation for mass goods and for wet soil. The many river parts of the south made it easy to transfer goods grown on plantations, and to facilitate the purchase of slaves.

Comparing Political Philosophies Essay Example for Free

Comparing Political Philosophies Essay Social contract or contractarian (use at least two philosophers in your description) Classic liberalism or libertarianism (use at least two philosophers in your description) Marxism (use at least one philosopher in your description) Communitarians (use at least one philosopher in your description) Capabilities approach (use at least one philosopher in your description) Follow your descriptions with a conclusion answering the following questions: How are these theories similar to one another? How are they different from one another? Do you find one philosophy more compelling than the others? If so, why? Contractarianism The social contract or political contract is a theory or model, originating during the Age of Enlightenment, that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. Social contract arguments typically posit that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate (or to the decision of a majority), in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. The question of the relation between natural and legal rights, therefore, is often an aspect of social contract theory. The most important contemporary political social contract theorist is John Rawls, who effectively resurrected social contract theory in the second half of the 20th century, along with David Gauthier, who is primarily a moral contractarian. Marxism Under Marxism, outdated class structures were supposed to be overthrown with force instead of being replaced through patient modification. It held that as capitalism has succeeded feudalism, it too will be removed by a dictatorship of the workers called socialism, followed quickly and inevitably by a classless society which governs itself without a governing class or structure. It was jointly developed in the 19th century by two lifelong German friends living in London Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and it forms the foundation of communism. Classical Liberalism Classical liberalism is a political philosophy and ideology that emerged as a response to the Industrial Revolution and urbanization in the 19th century in Europe and the United States. It shares a number of beliefs with other belief systems belonging to liberalism, advocating civil liberties and political freedom, limited government, rule of law, and belief in free market. Classical liberals were more suspicious than conservatives of all but the most minimal government and, adopting Thomas Hobbess theory of government, they believed government had been created by individuals to protect themselves from one another. Comparison -Marxism is completely centrally controlled economy in which labor is directed (the government tells you where you will work) and goods and services are rationed based on a bureaucratic determination of need. Liberalism is when the government has an obligation to make sure that people live comfortably regardless of a persons actual contribution to making their own comfort possible. So while they wish to control the financial situation they generally favor a high degree of social freedom. Contractarianism suggests that the central assertion of social contract approaches is that law and political order are not natural, but are instead human creations. The social contract and the political order it creates are simply the means towards an end — the benefit of the individuals involved — and legitimate only to the extent that they fulfill their part of the agreement. References http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_contract http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Classical_liberalism http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/Marxism. html Philosophy: The Power of Ideas (8th ed. ) (Moore and Bruder).

Transportation In Malaysian Context

Transportation In Malaysian Context Unlike most other Asian cities, driving is the main mode of commuting in Kuala Lumpur. Hence, every part of the city is well connected by highways. As the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road network that leads to the rest of Peninsular Malaysia. Public transport in Kuala Lumpur and the rest of the Klang Valley covers a variety of transport modes such as bus, rail and taxi. Based on the article Prasarana to buy trains worth RM1.2bil by The Star in 2006, despite efforts to promote usage of public transportation, utilisation rates are low as only 16 percent of the population used public transportation. Rail transport in Kuala Lumpur encompasses light rail, rapid transit, monorail and commuter rail. Kuala Lumpur is served by three separate rail systems which meet in the city and extend towards other parts of the Klang Valley, namely RapidKL Light Rail Transit, KL Monorail, and KTM Komuter. These lines have underground, elevated or at-grade stations around the city. The main rapid transit hub is KL Sentral which facilitates as an interchange station for the rail systems. RapidKL is the operator of two light rail lines in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley, namely Ampang Line and Kelana Jaya Line which connect Kuala Lumpur to its satellite city, Petaling Jaya. The issue of what transport system in Kuala Lumpur City Centre and Petaling Jaya has today is, people are too lazy. They are lazy to walk so they decided to park their car as close as they can to their destination. They are lazy to find car parks so they park at road shoulders, causing congestion to the drivers and also an obstacle for pedestrians and cyclists. They are lazy to walk a few miles to the nearest LRT station to go to city centre and opt to go there by car instead, despite the massive traffic especially during early morning and late evening. But they are okay with it. Because no matter how they said they hate the traffic, they would still go out using their cars, and put up hours on the road, wasting precious times. So why would these people, simply put up with the traffic that they hate so much and deceiving the fact that they have the multi-million Ringgit worth of PUTRA LRT, which is one of the most advanced rapid transit systems in the world, and at the time of construction was the worlds longest driverless metro. Because if they travel with LRT, it may not stop approximately at their destination. Theres this term, faced by the LRT users, which are called first mile and last mile. And Malaysian hates this. So they prefer to sit in their little air-conditioned steel boxes which move slower than a bike during peak hours. Because of peoples love for their cars, finding a solution to the question of access to these buildings, to avoid being surrounded by a sea of parked cars, is therefore an important part of the problem. According to Brian Richards in his book Future Transport in the cities (1960), he summed up the approaches that being used towards dealing with traffic problems in the cities by the authorities. These approaches are: There is a serious and effective grass roots opposition in most countries to more urban road-building on the basis that more roads mean more traffic. Within residential areas there has been the development of traffic calming and town yards. Controls on parking within city centres has effectively reduced and controlled the amount of traffic entering cities. Planning laws are banning more out of town shopping centres or random car-oriented developments. Public transport has been maintained and improved, without which any of the other measures would be effective. Although these measures were introduced, there are problems with the continuing growth of cars, the political strength of car lobby and the desire for people to own and use their own cars. In this selfish world, people love their cars. It gives them a retreat from the real world which partly accounts for their popularity. It provides them with a degree of comfort and privacy for the user, which public transportation did not have. It allows the user to go straight to their destination without having the hassle to change stations or switch mediums like public transportations do. As a result, these cars caused the most problems to city life. It is now that alternative ways must be sought to provide transportation systems that are good enough for people to opt out for it and leave their cars for major trips like going back to their kampung and road trips. Another reason that makes people opt for cars is the lack connectivity of LRT in Petaling Jaya area. Realising the problem, the Government of Malaysia is now working on a Malaysia Rapid Transit project. The proposal was announced in June 2010 and was approved by the government of Malaysia in December 2010. The newly-launched Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD) will oversee and coordinate the entire MRT development in terms of cost and viability, alignment and integration, and will play the role of regulator once the project is completed. National infrastructure company, Syarikat Prasarana Negara would ultimately own and operate the MRT. A First Class Land Public Transport System Contributes to Social and Economic Development Historical data in Malaysia and around the world indicates a correlation between GDP and mobility growth increased population, employment and economic activity always translate into higher mobility requirements. In this context, a first class land public transport system is especially important given our immediate aims as outlined in the ETP: 6 per cent annual growth and 3.3 million new jobs by 2020. Travel vehicle demand grew from 13 million trips per day in 1991 to 40 million in 2010. Projections point towards this trend continuing in Malaysia, with the figure expected to reach a staggering 133 million in 2030.With urbanization expected to reach 70 per cent by 2020, there is a need to enable an efficient and smooth flow of people, which in turn also enables the growth of new urban areas through increased connectivity. Beyond satisfying a growing demand, land public transport plays a catalytic role in accelerating and shaping economic growth. Provision of effective public transport services has the potential of opening up new growth clusters, enhancing the attractiveness of existing clusters, and driving urban revitalization. And there are other positive spill-over effects of increased economic activity built upon an advanced land public transport network it yields employment and business opportunities in local economies by having synergies with other industries like advertisement, retail and property development. Malaysia has seen a surge in ownership of cars and motorcycles across the country, which is an indication of our countrys increased prosperity, but although private vehicles contribute to the mobility solution, sustainable and inclusive social and economic development cannot be overly dependent on private vehicles. As a general rule, public transportation is more affordable and mitigate traffic congestion as well as the attendant pollution problems caused by private vehicles on the road. All this puts tremendous pressure on the land public transport system to meet the mobility and connectivity requirements closely linked to the social and economic development agenda. Public Transport Masterplan which was being proposed recently. MY Rapid Transit (MRT) is a proposed three-line Mass Rapid Transit system in the Klang Valley. The MRT will be integrated with the LRT, Monorail, KTM Komuter and intra/ intercity buses and will help alleviate traffic congestion by increasing the number of people using public transport in the city centre. When operational, the system targets to carry 400,000 commuters daily. In 2020, it is estimated that the population in the Klang Valley will grow from the current 6 million to 10 million. This means that if every single trip is on private transport, the roads in the Klang Valley will be in gridlock. An effective public transport system is the only solution to this as it can move people in masses and it has an optimal usage of space to carry the same number of people. Rail-based public transport, such as the MRT, LRT or commuter train, always forms the backbone of a citys public transport system as it can carry large numbers of people and can move people quickly because it is not hindered by road traffic. Klang Valley currently has a shortage of rail-based public transport coverage compared with most public transport-oriented cities. It has less than 20km per million population. Public transport-oriented cities such as Singapore, Hong Kong and London have more than 40km of rail per million population. With the MRT, it will boost the rail-based public transport coverage in Klang Valley significantly. The first line of this project is the Sungai Buloh Kajang Line (SBK Line), which stretches 51km and have 31 stations. The line will pass through the city centre and will serve densely populated suburban areas including Kota Damansara, Mutiara Damansara, Bandar Utama, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Bukit Damansara, Cheras, Bandar Tun Hussein Onn and Balakong, with a total catchment population of 1.2 million people. Out of the 31 stations, 16 stations will be equipped with Park and Ride facilities: Sungai Buloh Maluri Pusat Bandar Damansara Kota Damansara Taman Bukit Mewah Bandar Tun Hussein Onn Taman Industri Sungai Buloh Plaza Phoenix Taman Koperasi Taman Tun Dr Ismail Taman Suntex Saujana Impian Seksyen 16 Taman Cuepacs Kajang Works on the MRT SBK line has begun in July 2011 and is expected to be completed by 2017. The Klang Valley MRT will not only significantly increase the current inadequate rail network but will also serve to integrate the existing rail networks and expectantly alleviate the severe traffic congestion in the Greater KL metropolitan area. The new MRT system is to radically improve and transform Kuala Lumpurs poor and sorely inadequate public transportation coverage and to propel the Greater Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area to be on par with that of a developed city. The new lines will increase Greater Kuala Lumpurs rapid rail network from 15 km per million people in 2010 to 40 km per million people once completed. The proposal also envisages a fivefold increase in rail ridership, in line with the governments target for public transport usage in the Klang Valley of 40% by 2020 from 18% in 2009. The Red Line will go from Damansara in the northwest to Serdang in the southeast of Kuala Lumpur, While the Green Line will be from Kepong in the northeast to Cheras in the southwest. Bot h lines will pass through the city of Kuala Lumpur and converge at the Dataran Perdana (Kuala Lumpur International Financial District) near Jalan Tun Razak. The underground MRT Line 2 looping around the city of Kuala Lumpur will serve an important role to tie-up and integrate the currently disjointed LRT and monorail lines. Under the Greater KL/ Klang Valley Land Public Transport Master Plan draft, MRT 2 would cater for orbital movements around Kuala Lumpur, provide linkages to existing areas such as the Mid Valley, Mont Kiara, Sentul Timur and Ampang, as well as proposed major developments identified in the DBKL City Plan such as Matrade. The master plan draft says the circle line would be developed in at least two phases The first, comprising 29km with 22 stations would be the western and southern sections linking Ampang with Mid Valley, Matrade and Sentul. The second phase (12km with 8 stations) would link Ampang with Sentul Timur, completing the northeastern sector of the circle line. The master plan also says MRT 3 or the north-south (NS) line would cater for a north-west corridor of the Greater Klang Valley, linking developing areas such as Sungai Buloh, Kepong and Selayang with the eastern half of the city centre (including Kampung Baru and Kuala Lumpur International Financial District), which was forecast to be overloaded in the future. Sustainably Enhancing Connectivity Public transport has an important role to play in Malaysias aspirations to develop holistically and sustainably. As populations in urban centres get denser, the problems of congestion and pollution will rise. Proper planning of public transport and land-use are essential to mitigate the ill-effects of population growth in urban areas and to make city-life a pleasant, healthy and environmentally sustainable one. Under the Final Draft of Malaysias National Land Public Transport Masterplan, chapter 3.7 ABOUT BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE states that policy 3.7.1 is to promote healthy living. One of the indirect benefits of using land public transport systems is that they indirectly promote healthier lifestyles. This is because when the public transportation hubs are well connected, the first and last miles of a public transport users journey are typically travelled by foot, rather than in a car or on a motorcycle. The stretch between the public transport station and the users origin or destination is crucial to reduce the barrier of using public transport in the first place. †¢ Pedestrian facilities improvement to bus stops and railway stations will be encouraged as part of the local authority development plans. Walking structures should be defined around transit stops to increase the convenience of those locations. To enhance the accessibility of KLà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s public transport network, a target has been set of having 75 per cent of the population live within 400 meters of a public transport stop. In addition to ensuring ease of access to the major transport nodes for pedestrians, fitting in cyclist-friendly infrastructure such as bicycle parking facilities and bicycle lanes will make it easier and more attractive for people to ride to the stations or interchanges. It will also increase the catchment area of these bus interchanges or rail stations as people living further away would not be put off by having to walk a distance to take public transport. policy 3.7.1 : Final Draft of Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s National Land Public Transport Masterplan First, lets take Singapore as a reference in terms of public transportation usage and connectivity. It is easy to take Singapore as a reference to this study because of its climate is the same as Malaysia and taking Kuala Lumpur City Centre and Petaling Jaya as a place of study, it is almost similar to Singapore in terms of urbanization. Then again, how did Singapore able to encourage their people to use their public transportation? Although the approach of Singaporean government is not through cycling, however, it is still beneficial to review their integrated transport system and compare with our own transportation system. In terms of connectivity, public transportation in Singapore is highly connected all over its main town to its suburbs. Since Singapore is a small town with a high density of population, it is possible to do so. Furthermore, because of its size, it is possible to enforce restrictions on private car ownership this, curbing congestion and pollution. To own a car, one must pay duty one and a half times the market value and bid for a Singapore Certificate of Entitlement which comes in very limited numbers. Therefore, according to Singapores department of statistics, only 1 very 10 people own a car. Within the absence of private cars, Singaporeans seems to live normally and manage their time effectively, to catch up with the public transportations schedule. Singaporeans usually travels either by bus, taxis, trains, or maybe a combination and some of them might cycle. Although according to Tan Mike Tze in a chapter of the book THE JOURNEY: Singapores Land Transportation Story (2005), he says Singaporeans does not like the idea of pedal-powered bicycle as it is too hot and humid, the traffic is dangerous to the cyclist and so on. Also, generally bicycles are used by construction workers, say some. In the book, Tan Mike Tze has this thought where he wants people to imagine a world where everybody goes to work by bicycles or walking or public transportation and their companies are encouraging it by providing showers and changing room facilities allow people to freshen up before starting their work. A world with dedicated lanes and protected side road reserves for the bicycles. A world where the roads are dominated by cyclists and pedestrians and cars have to give way to them. Imagine the health benefits, environmental friendliness and sheer graciousness in such a world. In Petaling Jaya, there are already bicycle paths and bicycle parkings at bus stops, being integrated as part of a residential areas streetscape in Damansara Jaya. Although not many people have come to know about these facilities, it is actually a part of Petaling Jayas Green City big plan, where they are trying to decrease the carbon footprints produced and reduce the use of private motorised vehicles on the road. The bicycle path in Damansara Jaya is the pioneer project which tries to communicates urban parks within the Petaling Jaya area. Even though it was meant for recreation, it indirectly helps the cyclist to safely commute within that area. Children can now cycle to school without having their parents to worry about their safety on the road, thus, reducing the number of cars on the road during 7.00 am to 7.30 am and 2.00pm to 3.30pm. It is a very good example set up by the Petaling Jaya Municipalities on how to manage traffic in urban areas. Singapores transport planners have occasionally toyed with this idea. The Registry of Vehicles stopped registering bicycles in 1981, but a 1955 estimate reckoned Singaporean owned about 240 bicycles per 1000 population. This puts Singapore sixth in a table with other developed countries, a table inevitably topped by the developing worlds most devoted cyclist, in Holland, with its 550 bicycles per 1000 people. But ownership does not equate with usage, of course. Most bicycles use in Singapore is recreational, and often the bikes belong to a child or teenagers but not working adults. There already is a good network of recreational bike paths in parkland areas. But only 1% of Singaporean trips were made on bicycles in 1995, way below the most other countries. In many admittedly cooler European countries, up to 50% of rail travellers and perhaps 20% of bus travellers may arrive at the station or terminus on a bicycle. There certainly are valid safety concerns, given the current configuration of Singapores roads; while only 1% trips were made by bicycle, the percentage of road accident casualties for cyclists is disproportionately large, at about 4%. But these conditions could be changed. The cyclist could be protected via dedicated lanes or paths among other strategies. Road planners, of course, panic that they are already short enough of land for road-building, without sacrificing any more for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-frills such as bicycle lanes. For engineers, all the glamour lies in rail. To some extent, this mindset can be seen in the 1996 White Paper A World Class Land Transport System. In this report, bicycles are relegated to a brief paragraph at the back, under the general heading Supporting Measures. The provision of more facilities for bicycles would encourage short trips of about 3km within housing estates, and possibly to the nearest MRT stations as well. It is the strength of this lobby to create future demand that ultimately will determine whether the planners really embrace the bicycle. The Land Transport Authority, had provided some 869 bicycles at 38 MRT stations by 1997, but it seems significant that bicycles did not feature in the LTA annual report after that, and that a search of the current LTA website under bicycle- does not yield any information. How much friendlier and nicer our roads and public spaces would it be if more of us paddled around on bicycles instead of sitting high and aloof in our four-wheeled steel boxes. It will require a national cycling strategy integrated into the national transport, health and environmental policy. The such master plan will provide for necessary infrastructure such as traffic signs and bicycle parkings, redesign roads and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾traffic calmingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ measures in built up areas and school zones to slow down motor traffic. It will require some changes to the law, most importantly, it will require safety education and training for all road users. Chin Yih Ling, Singaporeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Today Newspaper, 17 January 2005 According to existing cyclists, cycling in early in the morning and late afternoon hours could be much more comfortable than walking as they can feel the breeze during riding the bike and the temperature of the surrounding is quite cool. It would extend the catchment of the LRT stations of more than 45% walking, thus making cycling a better option than walking. In Malaysia, people are allowed to take motorcycle license as early at the age of 16 and car license at the age of 18. Malaysia has cheap petrols, subsidized by the government, lots of highways and wide roads to occupy the needs of urban transportation. Therefore, people here cant seem to find a reason to not own a car or ride one. Thus, the existence of bicycle is forgotten. Even kids are demanding to be sent and invited back home by cars. Bicycles in Kuala Lumpur city centre and Petaling Jaya are now merely for recreations, where people brought their bicycle by cars, to the urban parks, and ride it there for the sake of heal th benefits they claim. There are even peoples, who strived the congested roads every day after work, for the sake of riding a stationary bicycle at the gym, also, for the health benefits. Figure 2.1.3 Copenhagen, Denmark, Mao showing 300km of cycle paths provided beside all existing regional roads and distributor streets, used by 30% of commuters daily. New cycle routes are being built, aimed at increasing the length of average cycle trips from 5 to 15km. For those who arent cycling, the idea of having a dedicated bike path would make them think as if it was a waste of space and resources. But looking things at a bigger picture, having dedicated bicycle paths would encourage more people to cycle as it ensures the cyclists safety on the road. When more people cycles, the dependency on private cars lessens thus, reducing the number of cars on the road, and releasing the traffics pressure, especially during peak hour. With just a few millions spent on providing bicycle-oriented facilities such as painting the paths and providing bicycle parking, and give 1.5 metre minimum from the existing roads to these bike paths instead of spending billions on building more highways and flyovers the government could save billions more and able to spend it to increase the performance of existing public transportations such as increasing the number of coaches to the train to allow more people to enjoy the ride, increasing the number of trains and platforms to allow more frequent trips and better connectivity to places throughout the city. 2.2 Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur is the federal capital of Malaysia. The city covers an area of 243KM ² and has an estimated population of 1.6 million as of 2012. At 1999, the administrative centre of Malaysia was shifted to Putrajaya as an approach to release the population pressure of Kuala Lumpur. Started as a tin mining town, Kuala Lumpur evolves rapidly as among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in the country, in terms of population and economy Malaysia. After the big flood swept through the town following a fire that had engulfed it earlier in 1881, Kapitan Yap Ah Loy restructured the building layout of the city into new brick buildings with clay tiles inspired by shophouses in southern China, characterised by five foot ways as well as skilled Chinese carpentry work. This resulted in a distinct eclectic shop house architecture typical of this region. A railway line increased accessibility into the growing town. As the development intensified in the 1890s, Kapitan Yap Ah Loy spent a sum of $20,000 to expand road access in the city significantly, linking up tin mines with the city, these roads include the main arterial roads of Ampang Road, Pudu Road and Petaling Street. Climate and weather Protected by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east and Indonesias Sumatra Island in the west, Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya has a tropical rainforest climate which is hot and humid all year round. Average temperatures tend to remain constant between 31 and 33  °C and typically receives minimum 2,600 mm of rain annually. Flooding is a frequent occurrence in both cities whenever there is a heavy downpour, especially in the city centre and downstream areas. Dust particles from forest fires from nearby Sumatra sometimes cast a haze over the region. It is a major source of pollution in the city together with open burning, emission from motor vehicles and construction works. 2.3 Petaling Jaya Petaling Jaya is a city in Selangor originally developed as a satellite township for Kuala Lumpur, comprising mostly residential and some industrial areas. It is located in the Petaling district with First developed by the British on the former 486 hectares Effingham Estate,as an answer to the problem of overpopulation in Kuala Lumpur in 1952 and has since witnessed a dramatic growth in terms of population size and geographical importance. The migration from Kuala Lumpur to the Petaling area had indeed started before the town was officially named in 1953 as Petaling Jaya. The satellite town began to take shape in 1952 when 800 houses were built and another 200 under construction. By the end of 1957, there were well over 3,200 houses in Petaling Jaya, along with more than 100 shops and 28 operating factories. The year also saw the opening of the first phase of the Federal Highway (Lebuhraya Persekutuan) which divided Petaling Jaya into two. Linking Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya and Port Klang, it enhanced PJs reputation as a strategically located town, particularly in the eyes of industrialists and the affluent searching for prime residential land. Transportation facilities and infrastructure are well developed in Petaling Jaya. Bus services were initially provided by Sri Jaya between the early 1950s until the early 1990s. The mid-eighties saw the introduction of minibuses. The introduction of the IntraKota bus system by DRB-Hicom saw the replacement of Sri Jaya and the minibus by the early 1990s. At the same time, some of the Petaling Jaya-Kuala Lumpur bus routes were also serviced by Metrobus. The introduction of the Putra LRT service in 1998 saw the addition of the Putraline feeder bus services. The combination of Putraline and Putra LRT brought a relief to many Petaling Jaya residents especially those who had had to rely on public transportation. In 2006 RapidKL took over the operations of IntraKota as well as both Star and Putra LRT. Today, public transportation is provided by RapidKL in the form of buses as well as the KL Light Rail Transit System Kelana Jaya Line, which extends slightly into Petaling Jaya. There are five Kelana Jaya Line stations in Petaling Jaya.Petaling Jaya has three access points to the national highway system North-South Expressway via Kota Damansara, Damansara, and Subang. Internally, highways such as the Damansara-Puchong Expressway, Sprint Expressway and the Federal Highway also exist. There are plans for extensions to the existing Klang Valley light rail transit network with a new 30 km line from Kota Damansara in the northern part of Petaling Jaya to Cheras (southern Kuala Lumpur) with stops in Mutiara Damansara and Taman Tun Dr Ismail, to name a few. The extension line which would connect to Subang Jaya, the Kelana Jaya Line, will start operation on April 2011 and expected to be completed in 2013. 2.4 Cycling In The City Before the economy of Malaysia blooms and the first national car, Proton Saga, was launched in July 1985 by Malaysias then Prime Minister, Mahathir bin Mohamad, cars is a luxury to many, and cycle is the most common medium of transportation. Peoples daily travel distances were shorter and the city is more friendly towards people, rather than machines. People in those days treated cycling as part of their utility, rather than a hobby. Utility or transportational cycling generally involves travelling short and medium distances, which involves a few kilometres and not more, often in an urban environment. It includes commuting to work, school or university, going shopping and running errands, as well as heading out to see friends and family or for other social activities. It also includes economic activity such as the delivering of goods or services. In big cities, the bicycle courier has been often a familiar feature, and freight bicycles are capable of competing with trucks and vans particularly where many small deliveries are required, especially in congested areas. In Yokohama, Japan, bicycle also being used as a medium of public transportation through services called Velotaxi. Similar to the old days rickshaw, Velotaxi provides environmental friendly transport to its user and is actually one of the main tourist attractions in the city. Utility cycling is believed to have several social and economic benefits. According to a report by the Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Cycling in Netherlandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-, policies that encourage utility cycling have been proposed and implemented for reasons including: Improved public health Individual health and employers profits A reduction in traffic congestion and air pollution Improvements in road traffic safety Improved quality of life Improved mobility and social inclusiveness Benefits to child development In the Chinese city of Beijing alone, there are an estimated four million bicycles in use based on article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢China ends bicycle kingdom as embracing cars, China Daily on 11th November 2004, which stated it has been estimated that in the early-1980s there were approximately 500 million cyclists in China). While in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢A Study on Measures to Promote Bicycle Usage in Japan Department of Civil Engineering, Utsunomiya University, as of the year 2000, there were an estimated 80 million bicycles in Japan, accounting for 17% of commuter trips, and also, in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Cycling in Netherlandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- report, stated in the Netherlands, 27% of all trips are made by bicycle. Figure 2.4.3 A common type bicycle in Japan where it comes with front and rear-mounted child seats. Source: Authors own Factors That Influence Levels of Utility Cycling According to a book by Grà ©gory Vandenbulcke-Plasschaert, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Spatial Analysis of Bicycle Use and Accident Risks for Cyclistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-, many different factors combine to influence levels of utility cycling.In developing economies, a large amount of utility cycling may be seen simply because the bicycle is the most affordable form of vehicular transport available to many people. In richer countries, where people can have the choice of a mixture of transport types, a complex interplay of other factors influences the level of bicycle usage. Factors affecting cycling levels may include: Quality of infrastructure, such as the availability of bike path, safe parkings,etc. Retail policy Marketing the public image of cycling Integration with other transport modes Cycle training Terrain condition which influences bikeability Distance to destin

Behavioral Economics Essay -- Neo-economists, Labor Market

Introduction Described as the economic field that deals with the analysis of the effect that the process of decision making impacts on the decisions reached, behavioral economics is a field that has elicited lots of interest from various scholars (Altman, 24). The economists consider this branch of economics as cognitive science due to the fact that it deals with analysis of the process of decision making. Eric Wanner one of the earlier founders of the discipline describes this economic field as a component of cognitive science in his attempt to explain the basis and the characteristic analysis of the discipline in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Simply put it is a field of economic that explains the decision making process of economic agents based on theories formulated in its different branches (Altman, 25-26). Behavioral economics is a diverse subject dealing with numerous topics but for purposes of this research paper, my focus will be on the labor market; fairness and reciprocity. Employ ees as well as their employers have financial interests for which they desire to achieve from their entry into the labor market or the industry for which the employers are recruiting employee (Altman, 29-30). The employee will always seem to reciprocate any extra pay from the employer with additional input whereas the employer will give incentives to encourage extra output. Literature review Neo-economists describe the labor market as one having employees who work for a wage and employers who pay wages for the work performed. Arkelof theory on fair wage stated that for an employer to pay extra money to the employee the employee always viewed the extra money as mere compensation for the above average work that they performed (Colin, 2010... ...effort in the tasks they perform. Fairness by the employer is the determinant in the level of output from an employee. The essay has also illustrated the impact that fairness and reciprocity has on the nature or mix of employment contracts that an employer decides to employ for the different tasks performed by the different employees. There are two classes of employee; some employees fall in the category of fair employees while the rest are trust employee. Most employees however are fair employees who expect fair treatment from their employers in order for them to reciprocate the generosity with increased output. The most popular kind of engagement is the bonus reward system. Further research needs to be carried out in determination of the relationship between fairness and reciprocity in the labor market and demand of goods of high quality at the product market.

Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers fc

Scarlet Letter In Hawthorne’s, The Scarlet Letter, life evolves around a rigid and harsh Puritan view. In this society people are not free to express themselves as well as they are today. This is very sad because it is a necessity for humans to be able to express their deepest thoughts and desires. Unfortunately the Puritan society did not permit this so people had to find other ways to satisfy their needs. For two of these characters the satisfying of their urges condemn their fate in life. Hester and Dimmesdale, a reverend, have an affair, which costs Hester life, as she knew it. The only place where these two people were free was in the confinements of the forest. As much as freedom and confinement is a paradox it makes perfect sense. You will gain the freedom of expression in the confinement of that expression. The forest was the only place this could be accomplished. The forest was Hester and Dimmesdale’s sanctuary throughout the novel because they could freely com municate their love, their sin, and their future plans. Being able to confess to someone a sin you have committed is one of the finest feelings. The forest provided that ability to Hester and Dimmesdale. At one point Hester comes right out and brings up the committed sin. â€Å"What we did had a consecration of its own. We felt it so!† (pg. 179) When Dimmesdale first hears this bold statement he is somewhat distraught and tells Hester to â€Å"Hush!† and then he realizes the freedom they have. â€Å" May God forgive us both! We are not†¦the worst sinners in the world.† (pg. 179) There is no way that Dimmesdale would have become this bold if he were in spectacle of the Puritan society. Once again a warm blanket that the forest lay upon Hester and Dimmesdale. It is apparent that there is a mutual love between Hester and Dimmesdale. Although there are very few quotes which will directly state this fact there are many that will allude to this obvious fact. At o ne point Hester begs for Dimmesdale’s forgiveness and he grants it to her. I don’t think he grants it to her because of his religious beliefs but because he loves Hester. I also don’t believe that Hester would be so worried about Dimmesdale’s forgiveness if she did not love him. â€Å" ‘Though shalt forgive me! Though shalt forgive†¦ Will though yet forgive me?