The Relationship Among Working Memory Free Essays

The general focal point of this examination is to look at execution in standard psychological systems and online assignments. The scientists would like to analyze the impact that math tension applies on scientific discernment and to distinguish the preparing parts that are so affected. Speculation: The higher the math nervousness, the lower the working memory limit, the higher the likelihood to get a low presentation. We will compose a custom article test on The Relationship Among Working Memory or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Factors: IV †math anxietyDV â€working memory limit, execution The free factor math tension is controlled into three levels: high, medium, low. The degree of tension is resolved using sMARS (short math nervousness rating scale) is a 25-thing adaptation of the most broadly utilized proportion of this develop, 98 thing MARS. The sMARS evaluates an individual’s level of dread and tension about math on a 1-5 Likert scale, requesting participants’ reactions about how on edge they would be made by different settings and encounters. The reliant factors â€â€ working memory limit and performance.Salthouse and Bobcock’s listening length (L-range) and calculation range (C-range) errands evaluated participants’ working memory limit by expecting them to store expanding quantities of words or digits in working memory while handling straightforward verbal or number-crunching assignments. In L-range task, members hear various straightforward sentences, indivi dually, and must answer a basic inquiry concerning current sentence before hearing the following. In C-length test, straightforward number-crunching issues supplant the sentences then the members offer the response to every issue, individually, and must review the last number in every one of the few issues inside that, all together. In explore 2, members see the issue and are coordinated as they produce its answer verbally. In analyze 3, members were given the L-length and C-range in addition to they were given a letter change undertaking to test working memory limit and procedures. In the presentation, inspects through the consequences of the concentrated working memory assignments. Technique: Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 CONCLUSION: The scientists closed with two increasingly broad comments. To begin with, math uneasiness isn't epiphenomenon †it's anything but an intellectual examination about oneself that is disconnected to the idea of mental processing.For model, measurements understudies who do inadequately on a test guarantee that they become confounded, can't concentrate on the job needing to be done, or continue pondering how poor they are at math. Notwithstanding the subjectivity of these cases, they are completely steady with the researchers’ primary outcome: Math tension upsets t he on-going, task-significant exercises of working memory, hindering execution and corrupting its exactness. Second, the specialists note the constructive outcomes of following guidance with which this article started: that impact is a part of critical thinking that merits observational attention.Cognitive examinations that incorporate individual distinction attributes like math nervousness are uncommon, yet may demonstrate valuable in increasing a comprehension of space explicit discernments. Besides, it presently gives the idea that standard appraisals of working memory length, particularly those utilizing number juggling boosts, are touchy to in any event two classes of impacts: the focal limit and handling qualities of the person, no doubt, yet additionally the fleeting impacts of uneasiness in the testing situation.Given present and significant endeavors that relate working memory components to procedures, for example, understanding cognizance, memory recovery, and so forth, it is reasonable to think about how conceivable it is that nervousness or other individual contrast variables mi ght be affecting both the evaluations of individuals’ working memory range and their on-line execution. * The subjects were allocated to the treatment are blended â€- in try 1 the lower level undergrad sychology classes were selected and they are to get a kudos for taking part, in explore 2 they have some subject from test 1 and the extra subjects chipped in their interest as an end-result of additional credit, while in try 3 did again get extra subjects which likewise undergrad brain research graduates . * The specialists utilized ANOVA †segment 3 of table 2 (page 228) presents the connection among's sMARS and the rest of the factors, utilizing math tension gathering (low, medium, high) as a between-subjects variable.They likewise utilized ANOVA two-approach to check whether the decrease in limit contrasted as a component of kind of length task. * The target of the investigation was acknowledged for they have assembled two general comments structure their examinations and they have clarified well the ends they have made with respect to the relationship among working memory, math tension and execution. 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Chemical Bonding Essay Example

Substance Bonding Paper Substance mixes are shaped by the joining of at least two particles. A steady compound happens when the complete vitality of the blend has lower vitality than the isolated particles. The bound state infers a net appealing power between the particles a synthetic bond. The two outrageous instances of concoction bonds are: Covalent bond: bond in which at least one sets of electrons are shared by two molecules. Ionic bond: bond in which at least one electrons from one iota are expelled and joined to another particle, bringing about positive and negative particles which draw in each other.Other sorts of bonds incorporate metallic securities and hydrogen holding. The appealing powers between particles in a fluid can be described as van der Waals bonds. What is an Ionic Bond? An ionic bond is a sort of synthetic bond framed through an electrostatic fascination between two oppositely charged particles. Ionic bonds are framed because of the fascination between a molecule that has lost at leas t one electron (known as a cation) and an iota that has increased at least one electrons (known as an anion). As a rule, the cation is a metal molecule and the anion is a non-metal atom.It is critical to perceive that unadulterated ionic holding in which one iota takes an electron from another can't exist: every ionic compound have some level of covalent holding, or electron sharing. In this manner, the term ionic bond is given to a bond in which the ionic character is more noteworthy than the covalent character that is, a bond wherein a huge electronegativity distinction exists between the two iotas, making the bond be progressively polar (ionic) than different types of covalent holding where electrons are shared all the more similarly. Bonds with in part ionic and mostly covalent character are called polar covalent bonds.Nevertheless, ionic holding is viewed as a type of no covalent holding. Ionic mixes lead power when liquid or in arrangement, however not as a strong. They by and large have a high liquefying point and will in general be solvent in water. Ionic Bonding is watched on the grounds that metals have scarcely any electrons in its external generally orbital. By losing those electrons, these metals can accomplish respectable gas design and fulfill the octet rule. Additionally, nonmetals that have near 8 electrons in its valence shell will in general promptly acknowledge electrons to accomplish its honorable gas configuration.In ionic bonding, beyond what 1 electron can be given or gotten to fulfill the octet rule. The charge on the anion and cation relates to the quantity of electrons gave or recieved. Inâ ionicâ bonds, the net charge of the compound must be zero. This sodium particle gives the solitary electron in its valence orbital so as to accomplish octet arrangement. This makes an emphatically charged cation because of the loss of electron. This Chlorine particle gets one electron to accomplish its octet design. This makes a contrari ly charged anion because of the expansion of one electron.The anticipated by and large vitality of theâ ionicâ bonding process, which incorporates the ionization vitality of the metal and electron fondness of the non-metal, is generally positive, showing that the response is endothermic and troublesome. However,â this response is exceptionally positive in view of their electrostatic fascination. At the best between nuclear separation, fascination between these particles discharges enough vitality to encourage the response. Mostâ ionicâ compounds will in general separate in polar solvents since they areâ often polar. This wonder is because of the contrary charges on each ions.Examples: In this model, the Sodiumâ molecule is giving its 1 valence electron to the Chlorine atom. This makes a Sodium cation and a Chlorine anion. Notice that the net charge of the compound is 0. In this model, the Magnesium particle is giving both of its valence electrons to Chlorine atoms. Every Chlo rine particle can just acknowledge 1 electron before it can achieveâ its respectable gas arrangement; in this manner, 2 atoms of Chlorine is required to acknowledge the 2 electrons gave by the Magnesium. Notice that the net charge of the compound is 0. StructureIonic mixes in the strong state structure cross section structures. The two chief factors in deciding the type of the cross section are the overall charges of the particles and their relative sizes. A few structures are received by various mixes; for instance, the structure of the stone salt sodium chloride is likewise embraced by numerous soluble base halides, and double oxides, for example, MgO. Bond Strength For a strong crystalline ionic aggravate the enthalpy change in shaping the strong from vaporous particles is named the grid vitality. The trial esteem for the grid vitality can be resolved utilizing the Born-Haber cycle.It can likewise be determined utilizing the Born-Lande condition as the total of the electrostatic potential vitality, determined by adding connections among cations and anions, and a short range horrible potential vitality term. The electrostatic potential can be communicated as far as the between ionic division and a steady (Madelung consistent) that assesses the geometry of the precious stone. The Born-Lande condition gives a sensible fit to the grid vitality of e. g. sodium chloride where the determined worth is ? 756 kJ/mol which looks at to ? 87 kJ/mol utilizing the Born-Haber cycle. Polarization Effects Ions in gem cross sections of absolutely ionic mixes are round; in any case, if the positive particle is little as well as exceptionally charged, it will mutilate the electron haze of the negative particle, an impact summed up in Fajans rules. This polarization of the negative particle prompts a development of additional charge thickness between the two cores, I. e. , to fractional covalency. Bigger negative particles are all the more handily energized, however the impact is typically just significant when positive particles with charges of 3+ (e. . , Al3+) are included. Be that as it may, 2+ particles (Be2+) or even 1+ (Li+) show some polarizing power in light of the fact that their sizes are so little (e. g. , LiI is ionic however has some covalent holding present). Note this isn't the ionic polarization impact which alludes to uprooting of particles in the cross section because of the utilization of an electric field. Examination with covalent bonds In an ionic bond, the iotas are limited by fascination of inverse particles, though, in a covalent bond, molecules are limited by sharing electrons to achieve stable electron configurations.In covalent holding, the sub-atomic geometry around every iota is controlled by Valence shell electron pair shock VSEPR rules, while, in ionic materials, the geometry keeps greatest pressing guidelines. Absolutely ionic bonds can't exist, as the vicinity of the elements associated with the bond permits some level of sharing electron thickness between them. Hence, all ionic bonds have some covalent character. In this way, an ionic bond is viewed as a bond where the ionic character is more noteworthy than the covalent character. The bigger the distinction in electronegativity between the two particles associated with the bond, the more ionic (polar) the bond is.Bonds with mostly ionic and halfway covalent character are called polar covalent bonds. For instance, Naâ€Cl and Mgâ€O bonds have a couple of percent covalency, while Siâ€O bonds are normally ~50% ionic and ~50% covalent. Electrical Conductivity Ionic mixes, whenever liquid or disintegrated, can lead power in light of the fact that the particles in these conditions are allowed to move and convey electrons between the anode and the cathode. In the strong structure, notwithstanding, they can't direct in light of the fact that the electrons are held together too firmly for them to move. Be that as it may, some ionic mixes can lead p ower when solid.This is because of relocation of the particles themselves affected by an electric field. These mixes are known as quick particle conductors. What is a Covalent Bond? Covalent holding is the sharing of electrons between iotas. This sort of holding happens between two of a similar component or components near one another in the occasional table. This holding happens essentially between non-metals; notwithstanding, it can likewise be seen between non-metals and metals also. At the point when particles have comparative electronegativity, same fondness for electrons, covalent bonds are destined to occur.Since the two iotas have a similar partiality for electrons nor is happy to give them away, they share electrons so as to accomplish octet setup and become progressively steady. Furthermore, the ionization vitality of the molecule is excessively enormous and the electron partiality of the particle is too little forâ ionic clinging to happen. For instance: Carbon doesnâ₠¬â„¢t formâ ionicâ bonds since it has 4 valence electrons, half of an octet. So as to formâ ionic bonds, Carbon atoms should either pick up or lose 4 electrons. This is profoundly negative; along these lines, Carbon particles share their 4 valence electrons through single, twofold, and triple onds with the goal that every molecule can accomplish honorable gas arrangements. Covalent bonds can incorporate associations of the sigma and pi orbitals; in this manner covalent securities lead to development of single, twofold, triple, and fourfold securities. Model: In this model, a Phosphorous particle is imparting its 3 unpaired electrons to 3 Chlorine molecules. At long last item, every one of the four of these particles have 8 valence electronsâ and fulfill the octet rule. A covalent bond is the synthetic bond that includes the sharing of electron combines between atoms.The stable parity of alluring and horrible powers between iotas when they share electrons is known as covalent hol ding. [1] For some particles, the sharing of electrons permits every iota to accomplish what could be compared to a full external shell, relating to a stable electronic design. Covalent holding incorporates numerous sorts of connections, including ? - holding, ? - holding, metal-to-metal holding, rationalist associations, and three-focus two-electron bonds. [2][3] The term covalent bond dates from 1939. [4] The prefix co-implies together, related in real life, joined forces to a lesser degree, and so on therefore a co-valent bond,

Managing Organization and Leading People

Question: Examine about the Managing Organization and Leading People. Answer: Presentation The paper delineates authoritative administration and the pretend of driving individuals, who are liable for the hierarchical achievement (Business Insider 2016). The achievement models of an association are constantly reliant on the conduct parts of the pioneers. In this paper, the chose pioneer is Larry Page, an incredible business person and the fellow benefactor of Google. The paper will exhibit the authority morals, administration advancement, the brain science of the pioneer and the multicultural idea of the pioneer from various research and investigation. Aside from this, in conclusion the paper will show the authority speculations. Choice of the pioneer For this paper the chose pioneer is the fellow benefactor of Google Inc. an extraordinary PC researcher and web business person Larry Page. He is the CEO of Alphabet Inc. which is the parent organization of Google. Larry needs his workers to have faith in basic reasoning and insane thought development (Business Insider 2016). The out of box thoughts help the association to get one of the top most association on the planet. So as to build up an agreeable change in the realm of innovation arrangement of imaginative thoughts and execution of those thoughts are required (Chen et al. 2015). So as to settle on quicker choices Larry requested that his workers include consistent productivity. Research and investigation of the initiative style Administration morals The administration of Larry Page is coordinated with his standards and outrageous faith in initiative morals (Isaacson 2012). He generally convictions on the privilege and respect of different representatives working for his association. The genuineness and dependability driven by Larry Page encourages the association to be one of the main organizations everywhere throughout the world. Administration advancement The administration practice is changing quickly after some time. Transformational and value-based hypotheses are the important points of view considered to get chronicled advancement the dynamic, viable correspondence and in heading arrangement for endeavors (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The authority of Larry Page got renaissance the association structure of Google. Authority brain research While managing authority brain research three qualities, for example, are inspiration, Fear and uneasiness and vulnerability are considered for viable accomplishment of administration. Larry Page convictions on this elements and he found a way to build up the structure of his association (Isaacson 2012). Also, he generally rouses his workers that helped them to maintain a strategic distance from hierarchical dangers. Multicultural authority This is alluded to as various societies has by one individual. The picked pioneer, Larry page created multicultural administration the board inside his association (Terry 2015). Larry Page is known as multicultural pioneer since he has worldwide degree of reasoning, social interest, fearless, information, persistence, consideration and overseeing assorted variety. Hypotheses of administration From the hierarchical point of view 5 initiative speculations are discovered (Goodall, McDowell and Singell 2014). From the general examination it has been discovered that, Larry Page has Great man hypothesis, social hypothesis, characteristic hypothesis, conduct hypothesis and possibility hypothesis also. These are as per the following: Extraordinary man hypothesis: Leadership hypothesis characterizes the incredible or interesting characteristics that acquire by one individual from his introduction to the world it implies that one can't pick up uniqueness from the outside world or experience (Hamel and Breen 2013.). Larry page is a predetermined or inalienable incredible individual that is enlivened by the investigation of compelling legend. However, Larry needed to substantiate himself by executing distinctive developing advancements yet at the same time, his ability isn't synthetic rather he is an inalienable gifted individual. Conduct hypothesis: This is alluded to as the response of the attribute initiative hypothesis. This hypothesis offers new viewpoints to the association regarding social, physiological and mental qualities of an individual (Giacalone and Rosenfeld 2013). As per social hypothesis, pioneers are made and not conceived. It has been characterized that, Larry Page, is an extraordinary pioneer as he has imaginative psyche and he generally inspires his representatives to think fundamentally. The pioneers has diverse name however the embodiment of the pioneers are indistinguishable or comparative for all. Possibility hypothesis: This is alluded to as the workplace of Google. The administration style of the pioneers and the representatives of the association are diverse dependent on the working circumstance (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The initiative style can't be same for various pioneers. This is named as an expansion of characteristic hypothesis (Goodall et al. 2014). The pioneers working for the Characteristic hypothesis: This hypothesis comprises of certain one of a kind characters rather qualities that can separate one pioneer from a non pioneer (Landis, Hill and Harvey 2014). Specialized, calculated and human abilities are scientific and prescient enough. Larry Page has these uncommon characters that think about character, social and physical characteristics to separate pioneers from the non pioneers (Business Insider 2016). Characteristic hypothesis is an augmentation of incredible man hypothesis which spurs all the representatives working for the association. Components that go under thought are accomplishment, professional stability, control over others and high budgetary prize. Situational hypothesis: In request to characterize key situational factors three possibility measurements, for example, pioneer part connection, task structure, are plainly recognized. Undertaking structure is the level of employment task that is method (Isaacson 2012). This as well as, the level of impact and inspiration inside the workforce is additionally straightforwardly subject to the conduct of the larder. End From the general conversation it has been inferred that for the development of Google Larry attempts to include the best advances to evade the totalitarian methods of driving. These are the significant reasons which helped the association to turn into the main one. These achievement models of the individual helped him to be one of the main business visionaries. The administration hypotheses and initiative characters has by Larry Page are referenced in this paper. References Business Insider., 2016.The terrific existence of Google author and Alphabet CEO Larry Page. [online] Available at: https://www.businessinsider.in/The-marvelous existence of-Google-author and-Alphabet-CEO-Larry-Page/articleshow/51458622.cms [Accessed 1 Sep. 2016]. Chen, X.P., Eberly, M.B., Chiang, T.J., Farh, J.L. what's more, Cheng, B.S., 2014. Full of feeling trust in Chinese pioneers connecting paternalistic initiative to representative performance.Journal of Management,40(3), pp.796-819. Floyd, L.A., Xu, F., Atkins, R. what's more, Caldwell, C., 2013. Moral results and business morals: Toward improving business morals education.Journal of business ethics,117(4), pp.753-776. Giacalone, R.A. what's more, Rosenfeld, P., 2013.Impression administration in the association. Brain science Press. Goetsch, D.L. what's more, Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality administration for hierarchical greatness. pearson. Goodall, A.H., McDowell, J.M. furthermore, Singell, L.D., 2014. Administration and the examination efficiency of college offices. Hamel, G. furthermore, Breen, B., 2013.The eventual fate of the board. Harvard Business Press. Isaacson, W., 2012. The genuine initiative exercises of Steve Jobs.Harvard business review,90(4), pp.92-102. Landis, E.A., Hill, D. furthermore, Harvey, M.R., 2014. A blend of administration hypotheses and styles.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,15(2), p.97. Terry, L.D., 2015.Leadership of open organizations: The chairman as conservator. Routledge.

John Lockes philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

John Lockes theory - Essay Example The relocation of the Englishmen into the New World made it workable for them to present the ways of thinking of John Locke into America and the degree at which Locke’s theory impacted the philosophies behind the American Revolution will be analyzed in this short paper. John Locke’s reasoning was principally founded on the sway of the individuals and the obligation of the person in the general public. It depended on this guideline, that the Americans esteemed it fit to shield their sway as a country and stage an unrest. Locke’s theory depended on maintaining the privilege of the person as his reason depended on the way that sway lies in the hands of the people as opposed to the state and it was on this premise the residents of America battled for what was legitimately theirs. Locke accepted that each individual reserved the privilege to begin an upheaval on the off chance that they believe they are been mistreated by their pioneers. The Americans utilized Lockeâ €™s standard in the abuse that they looked on account of their British frontier aces (Axtell 98). John Locke’s thoughts were additionally the bedrock of Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. J

How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in Psychology

How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 15, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 15, 2019 vgajic / E / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Behavioral Therapy Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning View All Back To Top In behavioral therapy, the goal is to reinforce desirable behaviors and eliminate unwanted or maladaptive ones. Behavioral therapy is rooted in the principles of behaviorism, a school of thought focused on the idea that we learn from our environment. The techniques used in this type of treatment are based on the theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. One important thing to note about the various behavioral therapies is that unlike some other types of therapy that are rooted in insight (such as psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies), behavioral therapy is action-based. Behavioral therapists are focused on using the same learning strategies that led to the formation of unwanted behaviors. Because of this, behavioral therapy tends to be highly focused. The behavior itself is the problem and the goal is to teach clients new behaviors to minimize or eliminate the issue. Old learning led to the development of a problem and so the idea is that new learning can fix it. There are also three major areas that also draw on the strategies of behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy relies on behavioral techniques but adds a cognitive element, focusing on the problematic thoughts that lie behind behaviors.Applied behavior analysis utilizes operant conditioning to shape and modify problematic behaviors.Social learning theory centers on how people learn through observation. Observing others being rewarded or punished for their actions can lead to learning and behavior change. A Brief Background Edward Thorndike was one of the first to refer to the idea of modifying behavior. Other early pioneers of behavior therapy included psychologists Joseph Wolpe and Hans Eysenck. Behaviorist B.F. Skinners work had a major influence on the development of behavior therapy and his work introduced many of the concepts and techniques that are still in use today. Later on, psychologists such as Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis began adding a cognitive element to behavioral strategies to form a treatment approach known as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The Foundation of Behavioral Therapy In order to understand how behavioral therapy works, lets start by exploring the two basic principles that contribute to behavioral therapy: classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli. Previously neutral stimuli are paired with a stimulus that naturally and automatically evokes a response. After repeated pairings, an association is formed and the previously neutral stimulus will come to evoke the response on its own. Operant conditioning focuses on how reinforcement and punishment can be utilized to either increase or decrease the frequency of a behavior. Behaviors followed by desirable consequences are more likely to occur again in the future, while those followed by negative consequences become less likely to occur. Behavior Therapy Based on Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is one way to alter behavior, and a number of techniques exist that can produce such change. Originally known as behavior modification, this type of therapy is often referred to today as applied behavior analysis. Some of the techniques and strategies used in this approach to therapy include: Flooding This process involves exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly. It is often used to treat phobias, anxiety and other stress-related disorders. During the process, the individual is prevented from escaping or avoiding the situation. For example, flooding might be used to help a client who is suffering from an intense fear of dogs. At first, the client might be exposed to a small friendly dog for an extended period of time during which he or she cannot leave. After repeated exposures to the dog during which nothing bad happens, the fear response begins to fade. Systematic Desensitization This technique involves having a client make a list of fears and then teaching the individual to relax while concentrating on these fears. The use of this process began with psychologist John B. Watson and his famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a young child to fear a white rat. Later, Mary Cover Jones replicated Watsons results and utilized counterconditioning techniques to desensitize and eliminate the fear response. Systematic desensitization is often used to treat phobias. The process follows three basic steps. First, the client is taught relaxation techniques.Next, the individual creates a ranked list of fear-invoking situations.Starting with the least fear-inducing item and working their way up to the most fear-inducing item, the client confronts these fears under the guidance of the therapist while maintaining a relaxed state. For example, an individual with a fear of the dark might start by looking at an image of a dark room before moving on to thinking about being in a dark room and then actually confronting his fear by sitting in a dark room. By pairing the old fear-producing stimulus with the newly learned relaxation behavior, the phobic response can be reduced or even eliminated. Aversion Therapy This process involves pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus in the hope that the unwanted behavior will eventually be reduced. For example, someone suffering from alcoholism might utilize a drug known as disulfiram, which causes severe symptoms such as headaches, nausea, anxiety, and vomiting when combined with alcohol. Because the person becomes extremely ill when they drink, the drinking behavior may be eliminated. How Aversion Therapy Works to Fix Unwanted Behaviors Behavior Therapy Based on Operant Conditioning Many behavior techniques rely on the principles of operant conditioning, which means that they utilize reinforcement, punishment, shaping, modeling and related techniques to alter behavior. These methods have the benefit of being highly focused, which means that they can produce fast and effective results. Some of the techniques and strategies used in this approach to behavioral therapy include: Token Economies This type of behavioral strategy relies on reinforcement to modify behavior. Clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items. Parents and teachers often use token economies to reinforce good behavior. Kids earn tokens for engaging in preferred behaviors and may even lose tokens for displaying undesirable behaviors. These tokens can then be traded for things such as candy, toys, or extra time playing with a favorite toy. Contingency Management This approach utilizes a formal written contract between the client and the therapist that outlines the behavior change goals, reinforcements, and rewards that will be given and the penalties for failing to meet the demands of the agreement. These types of agreements arent just used by therapistsâ€"teachers and parents also often use them with students and children in the form of behavior contracts. Contingency contracts can be very effective in producing behavior changes since the rules are spelled out clearly in black-and-white, preventing both parties from backing down on their promises. Modeling This technique involves learning through observation and modeling the behavior of others. The process is based on Albert Banduras social learning theory, which emphasizes the social components of the learning process. Rather than relying simply on reinforcement or punishment, modeling allows individuals to learn new skills or acceptable behaviors by watching someone else perform those desired skills. In some cases, the therapist might model the desired behavior. In other instances, watching peers engage in sought-after behaviors can also be helpful. Extinction Another way to produce behavior change is to stop reinforcing a behavior in order to eliminate the response. Time-outs are a perfect example of the extinction process. During a time-out, a person is removed from a situation that provides reinforcement. For example, a child who starts yelling or striking other children would be removed from the play activity and required to sit quietly in a corner or another room where there are no opportunities for attention and reinforcement. By taking away the attention that the child found rewarding, the unwanted behavior is eventually extinguished. How Extinction Is Defined in Psychology A Word From Verywell When it comes to treating specific behavioral issues, behavioral therapy can sometimes be more effective than other approaches. Phobias, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are examples of problems that respond well to behavioral treatments. However, it is important to note that behavioral approaches are not always the best solution. For example, behavioral therapy is generally not the best approach when treating certain serious psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. Behavioral therapy might be effective at helping clients manage or cope with certain aspects of these psychiatric conditions, but should be used in conjunction with other medical and therapeutic treatments recommended by a medical doctor, psychologist or psychiatrist. The Best Online Therapy Services